Mental Models That Change How You Think | Bill Gurley

0:00 We do live in a world where information is really cut up, but we also live in a world where you can have access to more information than you ever could. What are the key mental models that you keep coming back to that sort of Explain how the world works to you. I'm a big believer in systems thinking. There's a there's a book called Thinking and Systems that I read. What does that mean to think in systems? I'm on the board of the Santa Fe Institute. The Santa Fe Institute studies complexity theory I would describe complex systems as multivariable nonlinear systems and Multi variable nonlinear systems are very hard to predict. They can behave one way for a long time and then one variable can switch and they can behave another way. The weather, stock markets, all these things. There's consequences that can be

0:47 First, second, third derivative. And You know, you you can't just think with a linear model or just think one variable because Things can can go way off. the path. Being aware that if you make it change here, it could change something here, which could change something there. And it has to be the whole

1:05 system. How does that help you when you're solving problems or thinking about stuff? I think it keeps you out of trouble because You can avoid uh consequences that you might find out later. You know, I was t I was talking to a A guy that worked at one of the large dating sites. They had this this idea

1:23 Making the profile longer. would lead to more engagement. Simple. you know, heuristic and they test it and it was true. And so they rolled it out. They found out.

1:34 Many, many months later. The It let It it was negative for conversion. Like when people knew more.

1:41 At that level. Oh, interesting. And so but but it you find that out way later. There's my point about like a second derivative effect. And so you just gotta You gotta be really conscious. Oh. The consequence and not get

1:55 too d deterministic about a single metric. Or a single variable. And know what's important and what's on top. what was the process you took to go about learning the craft of investing and who are the mentors and peers that played a role in that? So because I started on Wall Street. You know, and not

2:13 And venture directly. I got caught up in all the people you would expect. You know, around Wall Street and stocks and so You know, that starts with Peter Lynch one up on Wall Street.

2:27 You know, best selling book. Probably the first book I read about investing. A random walk down Wall Street, Burton McHale, All the Buffett Letters. You know. Uh Ben Graham. Once you read Buffett, you have to read Ben Graham. And so and then Howard Marks, uh, who's just incredible. And you were talking about the purpose of your podcast. Those those people have spent their whole career

2:49 assembling their thoughts and publishing them. You know, along the way. So so that th those were the ones that I read everything. I I think I had a very strong kind of bedrock It's interesting because as you're saying that I'm thinking like value investing, and then you went into

3:09 non-value investing in a way, right? Like how did that translate? How did what Buffett said translate into seed investing and sort of venture investing? I think having a firm understanding of the bedrock is super valuable. And then when you recognize the need to innovate on top of it. It's just really good to have that foundation. I have an incredible peer in this guy, Mike Mobison. I don't know if you've heard of him, but he's a writer of financial books. We started at first Boston he had probably been there a year two year or two ahead of me. So it w it You know.

3:44 Just super fortunate that I landed in the same place as him and we've been lifelong friends since then. He introduced me To a gentleman Bill Miller. who ran like Mason and had this like fifteen year run of beating the S P one of the most famous investors of all time. And he claimed to be a value investor and he was the largest shareholder of Amazon for a very long period of time.

4:06 And What he would say, I'm getting back to your question, he would say that, you know, value just means that the asset is underpriced relative to what you think it will be worth in the future. I spent a lot of time talking with Bill about network effects and if you believe in that, then Amazon might be able to grow at a unreasonable growth rate for a very long period of time, which he believed and so that that's how you get there. But yeah, I I I've often thought

4:34 That many of the VCs in Silicon Valley would benefit from having a better understanding of finance. And and one other answer to your question about how it becomes valuable. You know. I've always thought of Wall Street.

4:46 As the buyer of the product that venture capitalists create. 'Cause of the eventual liquidity is either an M and A or an IPO and now The price is being set. By that.

4:59 Group in that. institution. So if I know what they value. even if we're starting at a very early place, two people in a PowerPoint, you're still thinking about When this thing grows up, is it gonna be something they're excited about? Yeah, the trajectory matters more than the starting place. Yeah, th that's where you're gonna end. That's the out. That's the output at the end of the day. What does it mean to know the bedrock of the industry? We live in a world where people skim, they want the gist of things, they want

5:29 I'm gonna tell you a story. So um My partner uh at benchmark Alex Balkanski would go to this charity auction that I think Andre Agassi would run. in in Vegas. And One year he bought

5:46 A dinner with John Lasseter, the creative. genius behind Pixar. And we go to John's house. And he serves us. In his m movie studio he serves us In his viewing room.

5:59 A ten course meal. And each piece of the meal is tied to a classic cartoon that he believed was was super important to understanding animation. And he would show it.

6:14 And he would talk through it and explain it. And you see that. And you're like Holy crap. Like he knows more about the history.

6:23 You know. And and then here's another data point that I just love. There's a You know world chess tournament and they take a break and run a trivia contest and Magnus Carlson wins the trivia contest. And it's all about the history of chess. We do live in a world where information is really cut up, but we also live in a world where you can have access to more information than you ever could.

6:46 And that's even more true now with LLMs. I mean, you could just sit there, you have an hour drive and you could sit there and talk to OpenAI and learn about Anything you want to do. And I think more people would benefit by studying the history of whatever field they're in. Th there's another one that we mentioned is uh Picasso was a

7:08 wildly successful realist painter by the time he was fourteen. If you go to the Barcelona Museum, you can see that. And I don't think anyone that looks at his cubist paintings wouldn't intuit that that was true. And then one last thing I would just say about this, and I think this is broadly applicable to almost anyone in any career. Imagine Let's just pick a field. I'm gonna pick Marketing. All right. Imagine you're interviewing for a job at PG or Pepsi out of college, and there's twenty people there, and you're the one that understands the masters of marketing more than the others, and you're able to bring that up in the interview.

7:47 Isn't that wildly differentiating? Yeah, totally. I can't I can't imagine how it would land on me. If I that I met that person and yet Other than fields like

7:59 I think in like Literature you probably everyone studies the greats. But in the other fields it's not A practice and I I just think it would be Like remarkably differentiating for people to walk around with the history of their field. I had a friend who actually recommended to people that their college essays do that when the their admissions essays talk about like if they want to go into physics, talk about the forefathers of like physics and and show them and like you'll instantly create tons of contrast with everybody else.

8:29 And you'll show a passion. Like it it it infers passion to want to know that. Um and then the other part I get into, if that sounds tedious Probably not the right like if it's tedious to learn that. This isn't a passion. Like you're not in the

8:48 I don't think you're in the right lane. So you've spent your life working with outliers, all these founders. Are there Is that a common trait? And I mean not just the the history of the field, but the details as well. I don't know if the history is a common trait. I would say that that

9:06 A more common trait that's related in the entrepreneurial world is Obsessive learning. Like constant learning because The disruptions that allow for

9:19 The technology waves allow for companies to be disruptive and take market share from an incumbent are all tied. to something dynamic that's happening on the edge. And Every entrepreneur that's exploiting that. It's AI right now. They're they're going home at night and reading everything they possibly can'cause the edge is moving and they need to be right there and they need to be a top one percentile person that understands this new thing that's happening.

9:47 And today it'd say I, but that was true. the mobile wave. Like like when the mobile phone came out, there were no engineers that had written apps for mobile phones. And a few people got on that edge and figured out what that meant. And that requires obsessive learning. On the edge. The way that I'm thinking about that, and maybe I'm coming at this wrong is

10:07 You know, if I'm young and upcoming, I'm on that edge and I'm gonna dive into it. But if I'm an incumbent, it's much harder to dive into that because it might mean it's the innovator's dilemma in a way, but it might mean giving up a previous decision I've made or saying that I've been wrong and going backwards. How do you think about that in terms of competition? I mean I think that Anybody in any field

10:31 Should want to be on like curious about the bleeding edge and what happens and you know As a venture capitalist. You know, we're always deftly afraid that some new app's gonna pop in the app store that we haven't seen or and so Everything that comes up.

10:47 I play with, I roll around. Right now I have like five premium AI accounts'cause I just don't want to miss something and you get trained that way. I think everyone should operate that way. I mean it's kind of an interesting contrast. I'm suggesting you should understand the really old stuff, the history, because it's differentiating and shows a passion. It gives you a great frame of mind. But you also want to really understand the new edge. If you do both of those things, like you're I think you're a power player in your field. You know. And the the second one is a great way for young people. That's another thing that could really differentiate you in an interview. If you're

11:25 applying for that marketing job and you understand all the legends and the history, but you also Really get TikTok. Like That's super like that's gonna be a very differentiated skill. going into

11:38 Those companies. And it matters. Like it really matters. Gives you a chance to shine. If I was to observe you use AI for a week, what would surprise me about the ways that you're using it? You often underestimate how much it can do. So you might ask it Um

11:55 to f identify the top ten of something. And then you're gonna take those ten and go study'em, but you can say identify the top ten, list their pros and cons, and then rank order them based on this dimension, and then rank order them again based on another like stuff you would have done later, you can just build into the prompt and it can it can do more of the work. earlier for you. Early on I would often ask it for numbers and then I would go add'em up and I'm like, Oh shit, you can just tell it to do that part too. Do you find chat GPT is the best one? I I like the project structure and I'm being sucked into the memory element in that it knows

12:32 who I am and and knows things about me. For for restaurants and stuff, I've I've been using Gemini just because it has all the Google Review data and you can You know, you you don't just ask it. Which restaurants are good, you can say What are three? Plates people rave about and what are people warn against.

12:49 Like you can go. Deep into the menu. Which I I do all the time. Uh Claude. Yeah.

12:57 And I met a guy this morning Who says for finance he prefers perplexity, but if he's doing deep research Like Companies and countries he doesn't know he finds Claude does better. So I think it's still a mix. Do you think we're gonna end up with like one model that just sort of like dominates? Or do you think we're gonna

13:19 end up with niche models and they're effectively gonna be commodities in some I think it's highly dependent on how things play out. There are certain examples And the verticals, especially in the coding one, which is probably the largest vertical right now, where people have swapped out models. You know, cursor even lets the the user pick the model that they're using. And As we move towards optimization.

13:44 And price optimization, which isn't really the objective function right now, but it will be in a few years. Um you may see more people try and do those swaps. I think the thing You know. They could cut against that. If the regulation gets extremely

14:00 Difficult. and mundane and expensive, that could actually lead to more oligopoly. And I think some of the players know that and are begging for regulation. Oh,'cause they want that'cause it's a protective mode. Especially against the Chinese open source models. How do you think about regulation in the global sense? Just zooming out a little bit here, if if one country is regulated on AI and it slows them down effectively and another country is not regulated on AI and it speeds them up, like how do you think about it? You know?

14:32 And if Yeah. Yeah. If our models All have to

14:38 adhere to some special rule and there's already been settlements and whatnot. And The Chinese open source models don't. It it could have it could have an effect. Yeah, it's very un

14:49 An I'm very uncertain how the EU might rule. in that type of situation. So I don't know. You know what I'm saying? I don't know. How they might view it. How do you think about it from a systems point of view, just from like China seems they have four open source models now that are really good? Is that by the way, this is a great a great question just to talk more about system thinking. So um

15:12 They have like ten open source models. And so you have a situation where the competitive dynamic in China is more intense because it's more intense. Everyone's chosen to go open source. And that creates a system that in my mind is capable of innovating far faster than the competitive system we have here. all the models learn from one another. You can actually I'll use a simple metaphor, but imagine you have two societies and

15:44 But agricultural societies and one of'em when er all the farmers come to market, they just sell each other goods and then they go back. And the other society, when the farmers come to market, they're forced to share best practices with all the other farmers. Yeah, which which one of those is gonna gonna evolve faster. And open source allows me to see what they're doing, how they're doing it. Are they open sourcing weights too, or just the Yes, and a lot of them are publishing how they figured it out, like new techniques and and things like that. So it's more it's way more dynamic. And does that help Western nations then too? Well, there's a irony that a lot of the startups are forking those models and this will be a question of how regulation plays out and whether

16:26 you know, someone tries to stomp those out or not. I would say it's kind of a quiet secret just because I haven't read it on the front page of Of the journal. That you know Especially from a breadth standpoint, like a volume. Th the companies are using these models all over Silicon Valley.

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18:12 If AI is really gonna change everything or you know, have such a big impact, how does it change how you invest when you look at a company? Are you looking like this is a wrapper on AI, you're effectively like a calculator app on the iPhone, or like how do you think about that? I I I think that question is up for grabs and it's a hot discussion between everyone. So, you know Yeah. If you believe that these models become near sentient. Then

18:40 the th there will be no need for a vertical model'cause this one model will just do everything. I probably come down on the other side of that. I think that there are workflows and data motes. that if you get and and also just understanding like There's three or four legal start ups in the AI space. They're just spending so much more time making sure they ingest all the case law and

19:04 And really understand You know The processes and principles there. And and then you implement with them and they're writing stuff on your behalf and you're building new databases. out of there.

19:17 I just don't know that you then switch that. To Chat GBT as they climb up the stack. But And I take a I'll flip back to the other side.

19:27 You know, they have talked about In their product groups. You know, going after verticals. So it's I think it's a TBD. People point to Microsoft, you know, starting with the OS and then, you know, there were

19:40 There was Lotus One Two Three and there was I forget I can't even oh there was uh Word Perfect. Like I can't remember the the specific apps, but Yeah, they eventually moved up the stack. That could happen. We're gonna see how it goes. Do you think there's limitations to how we're training the models now, which is Sort of

19:57 They're trained on all the data from the internet, including like you know, Elon has the opposite approach where he's like We're gonna take all the data and then we're gonna filter out clear untruths. We're gonna use that as the starting point versus the other. I do think that there is a valid argument that we might be running out of data.

20:16 You know. That that were I call it painting in the corners. Like Yeah, just with Filled in everything right now. One of the most powerful

20:25 um solutions to improving the models. is hiring experts. Literally hiring experts. For thousands of dollars an hour. Two. to sit in and fine tune.

20:36 And and you know, ask very sp hard questions and then tune'em to to be able to solve those. I there's gotta be a limit to that. Like where's the edge of Mm. human knowledge. So it's a big question, like do do do we run into asymptomes or not? And part of it goes back to do you believe these things can become super intelligent at which point.

20:58 They start. solving that we've never imagined. There's a lot of debate about that. I mean the I guess the theory, correct me if I'm wrong, is like the minute that they are super intelligent. They can effectively make themselves a little bit better. And at that point you just you enter a nonlinear curve.

21:15 Th that's an argument that some people have made. I I don't know that I believe it. But r rather than me stand on that hill like young You know Yan McCoon. you know, makes that point. Like he says that that the next version of AI is not L it's not LLMs. It's it's outside of LMs. It's broader than LMs and that that we're gonna run into a A uh asymptote.

21:41 with these because they're language based and there's just a limit to what language what you can capture with language. This is part of why they're not specifically great with math and numbers, right? There are b much better people to talk about this than me, but there's a d people point to This famous game that Google

22:00 Alpha Go where Google implemented and the But eventually came up with a move that was shocking to all humans and that I I forget the number. It's like a famous move number, whatever. And

22:12 That is proof that they can innovate. you know, beyond what they're taught. The people that take the other side say that's a very constrained game and environment. And The Computers can search.

22:25 a field of possibilities that's impossible for a human to search because there's just too many Right. And that that gives it the ability to find that move that that we didn't know about before. But in the real world It's not constrained enough the where you can tell it to walk all the possible paths. There's an infinite number of paths.

22:48 In a complex. In a big complex system. And by the way, those AI models aren't L L M based. Like AlphaGo's not L M based. It's a AI model trained to a very specific Constraint system. And that was trained just by playing, is that true? Yeah. Yeah, exactly.

23:04 But and even F S D is You know, at Tesla is a constrained environment. Like there's the inputs are the brake and the steering wheel and the gas pedal. Mm. And are those are the outputs actually. The inputs are Or all the visual data. It's scary good. I mean, I was telling someone the other day, I was like I would be comfortable sitting in the back seat at this point with full self driving. Like I don't

23:28 I don't feel the need to drive anymore. Yeah. Wha what's your take on that? The corner cases Would you sit in the back seat with your Tesla driving. The the the corner cases are impossible to fathom. At this. You know, right now. Yeah, maybe at some point.

23:42 I mean I certainly think If it were In a world. that didn't have the randomness of the real world. So if you were in a G geographic area where all of the cars were that, it'd be easier to toilet.

23:57 We got humans that think it's fun to test people jumping in front of these cars. Yeah like that's that's that's not good. I was talking to Rory Sutherland. He's like, You can just have fun with this. They're gonna stop. You know they're gonna stop. And so like you don't even have to look both ways now. What are the consequences of that? Yeah, that's not good. What do you what opinions do you have today that are sort of non consensus that you're you think are correct? Having spent ton of time in China over the past twenty years, It's hard for me to adopt this mindset of vilification that's heavy amongst many in Washington and now many in Silicon Valley.

24:34 The US is like three, four, five percent of the global population. Yeah. American exceptionalism. When people utter that word, I always wonder, like, imagine The other ninety five percent of the planet thinks when they hear Someone say that. Yeah.

24:49 It's probably a non consensus. Viewpoint. Are there do you think we're overfinding? This builder. How do you think about that?

24:57 I mean it's such a hard question to note. If you told me five years ago that the m that These Uh Mag Seven would become Worth three trillion dollars. And then Turn around and take their free cash flow from

25:15 fifty to a hundred billion a year down near zero because they were gonna spend it all on CapEx. I'd have been like no way. Like I wouldn't have believed it. So From a certain standpoint I'm shocked. The

25:26 The money's This big thing. I will tell you that the venture capital community, you know, I mean we talked earlier about increasing returns and and that concept And other people call it power laws. Startups.

25:40 have become important. in an ecosystem and then they've been able to prove that they can grow and that that growth might be a function of their size already or their footprint or their users. And that would include everyone from Google to Amazon. Tomana. that they end up being worth way more than anyone thought.

26:00 And I think the has slowly become aware of and believes it strongly in increasing returns and power loss. And so

26:14 Over time if they all believe that, they're gonna be more willing. to invest on the comb and take risk. Right. That that makes sense. That follows. And so You know Someone forwarded me.

26:26 a a chart this morning of the losses of the leading company in the field prior to going cash flow positive. And you look at Yeah. What? For for

26:38 For Amazon it was like Two or three billion for Uber is like Yeah. fifteen billion. And now for these companies it's gonna be way bigger than that. And so The

26:50 Venture capital community. as a whole is is getting more risk seeking and taking on more risk because of their knowledge of how things have played out in the past. What do you think are assuming we are overfunding? We haven't had a correction. Not not really. Like a mini one kind of. Like and usually that that weeds out Sort of the weak competitors, the strong ones survive and it depends yes. It but it but it can be

27:17 You know, if you look at what happened with the dot com crash. You know. There was a four year, three or four year low before The Amazons of the world started climbing out again. You know, it was it was

27:29 Like a nuclear. Like right now there's so much optimism and belief in AI do you get to the place where there's very little. You know. Um

27:39 Some of the the these quote circular deals that people are talking about. Um Enhance the probability that we'll have a correction. But

27:49 Also extend the time before we have one. Wait, how so yesterday at at the deal book conference, Dario's was asked about circular deals and he goes, Well th maybe people just don't understand. Let me explain how this works. You know, imagine you're a cloud service I'm um Echoing what he said. Imagine you're a cloud service provider and You

28:12 notice that this company Anthropic wants to develop this model is gonna cost Maybe five billion dollars, but they don't have that money. So you give them that money so that they can spend it. And I'm like, Well, if you didn't give it to'em, they wouldn't spend it. And so like the growth of everything Is enhanced by the fact that you're giving money to companies to spend back on your service they wouldn't have

28:39 Otherwise. And so I if you were in a more constrained environment where you didn't do that, things wouldn't be growing as fast. You inflate. You inflate what's happening. you push further ahead faster. Yes. But there's still is likely to be sort of a culling of the the weaker competitors.

28:56 First of all, if if a company's successful, someone will knock on your door and try and give you more money. So like Almost every round is preemptive for successful companies. And when you take that much money. Three hundred million dollars. The only way To spend it is to take your burn rate up. And I always thought of burn rate as a

29:15 measure of risk. Ten years ago, like it was super risky to burn a million a month. You know, today these companies are burning five billion a year, like like you know You you're burning a hundred million a month or more. Like It's really hard. And this may go back to financial bedrock and whatnot. It's really hard to know what your unit economics are.

29:36 When you're being that aggressive. Financially. Do you think things will change? Like I I wonder about the role of retail investors in this. Like if you tokenize some of these assets, like they might be competing with VCs in some way to fund some of these startups. How how do you think about all of that playing out? Well, first of all. There is zero lack of fund availability right now. So that's not the bottleneck. Yeah. There's but the pricing would change, right? There's no constraints. I mean supply it's this is kinda played out in the public markets. I mean I think you look at obviously like Stocks like Game Stock, but I I think most people believe Palantir is a stock that retail investors really love and take it to a valuation that it's very hard for institutional investors to get their head around.

30:22 So some of some of that has played out. Yeah. It's it's there's a there's a risk with tokenization, especially if it happens on assets that don't have regulation around financial disclosure that you get a ton of speculation and even worse. Manipulation.

30:40 Do you think that that would affect private companies if there was like if somebody figured out a way legally to tokenize Stripe, for example. And the price of the the Stripe share that's tokenized effectively fluctuates wildly. Yeah. Do you think that has an impact on Stripe or its employees? Well it would one of the reasons they're staying private is so you don't have that dynamic. 'Cause they have more control over sort of like the When they do Um liquidity events for their

31:07 Employees they sit down with a handful of investors they trust and they negotiate a price and so it's done on a one off basis. And I think we're going back to the financial bedrock. The underlying asset Probably does move around a lot. It's just it never It never gets recorded, so you don't see it.

31:25 Right. And That's uh I think from the operator standpoint that's a benefit. Like you if you've heard any public company CEO, if their stock moves around a lot, it creates a lot of chaos for the employees who are owners who are wondering what it means. This is already starting to play out, right? Robin Hood announced they were gonna do what you just said and And the company's, you know Thrill.

31:48 Uh uh. A strong argument that That would be illegal, like you don't have a right to do that. So We'll see how that plays out. Yeah, it's fascinating how all that plays out. Or you tokenized real estate and what effect that would have on the Look, I I I think that and I've been outspoken on this, particularly around the IPO process. I think it is

32:07 Insanely unfair to the companies the way they're forced to go through this process where the bankers pick the price and pick the shareholders. There's just no need to do that. If you took a freshman computer science student and a freshman finance student and said You know, imagine how a company should go public. the they would match supply and demand anonymously like you would in any auction and exactly the way a a ICO works with tokenization. No one would invent this thing where you you cherry pick your best customers and give them this sweetheart price. No one would do that. So I do think

32:47 The Wall Street because they just can't get out of there. They can't let go of this greedy power grab they have around the IPO. You know, we we pushed direct listings for a while, which which uses this auction mechanism. And they could have embraced that, but they didn't. They've gone back to this kind of controlled oligopoly. I I think that is an area where Word tokenization like Just merely getting to the first

33:13 Base. of how the share should be allocated. Um Could be very disruptive. Stablecoins could be very disruptive too. To credit cards.

33:23 Well go deeper on that. Most of the rest of the developed world. The government's um established a uh an ability to do instant transfer from bank account to bank account and from bank account to a partner or retailer, whatever. UK Faster Payments did this twenty years ago. Recently Argentina did it with PICs in the past six years. And it quickly sixty, seventy percent of transactions.

33:51 And precisely because of regulatory capture, the banks have kept our government from doing that. They've the government wanted to, they have something called Fed now, but there's massive pushback in the finance committee in Washington, so it never happens. And As a result, you know, we have credit cards that charge two, two and a half percent in the whole ecosystem of companies that live underneath that umbrella. If you have a Coinbase account, you can put your money in a USDC stablecoin And earn four percent. and within seconds immediately transfer money to someone else.

34:25 For Pennies. What is a stablecoin? Like I'm totally naive here. It's a cryptocurrency that If the company's following the regulation, I believe the US D C is is in fact doing that. Um, where they have

34:40 They have Created a dollar for dollar holding. In treasuries, US Treasuries. Okay for each e each stablecoin that's represented. So that's kind of like the gold standard back to the dollar almost. Yes. But because it's on the crypto rails which are now

34:57 quite proven and quite fast and global and immediate. It gives you the ability to for me to to give you or for a company to give a company or anyone Um A dollar. You know, immediately.

35:10 Who holds The dollars in this case. Like I if a bank transfers a dollar to another bank, I I just in my head I'm like You know, it's it's an electronic transfer. But in reality it's probably like there's a dollar actually transferring at some point. Well, no one's taking a physical cash dollar, right? Like that's all it's all digital anyway, right?

35:31 In America, if I wanna send you fifty bucks digitally, I've got to go through A C H, which is three day settlement, which is part of this regulatory capture bullshit and and and Argentina now it's immediate because of picks. So we don't actually need the three days. We do like the regulatory makes that happen. No, I think that's why do you Same day, but it cost me twenty five dollars and I have to fill out the page reforms and I might have to do a verbal commit with my bank. So the way around that is stable coins, because you're really just working around the regulation. Same. Same. Yes. And credit cards. Which cost two and a half percent, but this there's no reason that it should. And once again

36:09 these other countries which include UK, Australia, India, China. Argentina. They've all done this d but we never did it. And probably won't like I at this point I think stable coins will get there faster than

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38:04 And historically what they've done in and by the way, those two companies have two of the highest operating margins in the history of business. They have like sixty percent operating margins and they're they're duopolies and and they were created by the bank. So and the banks have a stake in it. So it's like The the whole industry is is kinda stuck in this world where they make a lot of money because it is this way. But there's zero reason why it should cost two or three percent. Just zero. And it will change in China.

38:36 Because They had This digital immediate transfer. Um Alibaba.

38:43 And tencent were able to very quickly wallets that people carry around. And so if you walk around China I if you want to buy a hat from a street vendor or a Or a car

38:57 You know, in a Huawei store. You you use w we we We chat pay and Ali pay. For everything. You scan a QR code. Like Eddie.

39:06 you check out of a restaurant. Like you can just pay at your table. There's a QR code on the table. You just take your We check pay or alley pay and scan it and you're done. Like one click. So they've they've innovated. Their entire payment system Way further than we have because

39:23 Because of this. The the decision by the government to make Money transfer easy. And that means like no three day settlement. Exactly.

39:34 And it doesn't necessarily mean stablecoin. It just means That's true. I just think because they waited so long. In the US. you know, the S Fed Now project's been just out there forever. Yeah. The the threat.

39:46 becomes this new thing. And especially with the momentum. The crypto momentum in Washington. That could change with the new administration. As you were talking about that, I was also thinking about Moody's and AI and I was like, Oh, Moody's You know, basically they sold analysis on debt.

40:04 Yeah. How do you think AI changes their competitive position? Because like in theory, AI would be able to do that. better than or equal to Moody's, which also makes great margins. Yeah, I think Moody's power comes from the fact that Um The It's a standard and everybody trusts it as a standard. Right. So even if they used AI on the back end, they're still the the yeah, the the the watermark. Yeah. Uh someone could pop up.

40:30 I mean there's been a lot of talk about these Companies like ISS that that that Tell shareholders how to vote that came up yesterday. Um at at the dealbook conference and whether or not AI could solve that problem as well. It's possible.

40:45 Yeah, I mean I think everything's up for grabs. What do you think about independent sort of like services like that that that all proffer advice on how to vote your shares. Oh I think in the US it's gotten to a really bad place because of the rise of the index funds. Um the index funds and this is why they're asking Larry think about it at BlackRock. Like they don't The index funds don't have the time to truly evaluate the

41:10 what the vote should be in these situations. And so The They rely on these services, but these services have been built they play this game. The the the It's not a

41:23 Particularly. Um Settling, but they they score you. But they score you with a black box. They don't tell you how they score you. Right. You and guess how you can learn more. You you hire.

41:36 Yeah. So they get paid on both sides. And It's just it's more of a heist, I think, than anything else. And I'm I've I spent some time talking to I don't know that they They they they got focused on issues that weren't shareholders interest. Like what what's like the what should they really care about is is um

41:57 What What's best for shareholders. Right. And and they got away from that. Um the the the Tesla case is a great example that that Package.

42:07 That type of package that they did for Elon, I've said this You know. Publicly. I would agree to that type of package for every company I've ever worked with. And most CEOs wouldn't take it.

42:19 Uh it basically says you don't make money unless the stock goes way up. And if you An obscene amount of money. And I would do that deal over and over and over and over.

42:30 None of these ISS. Like evaluators. Agree with that. Like.

42:37 In fact they take the opposite, they say. Oh no, that's a negative. We should vote against it. Is it just because they're looking at the headline number and they're like that's egregious. Not what's required to make that happen. Yeah, and they started from a place of corporate governance where they were looking out for fraud. And

42:55 So so risk mitigation rather than shareholder interest. And so when you come at it from that. perspective. You're like, there should be rules and people should adhere to the rules. And when people get outside of the rules, that's bad. I think that's their legacy. What do you think of sort of the second order effects of the rise of passive like we've uh indexing which is mostly post

43:20 The GFC How do you think it plays in the right. The uh The passive It one one thing that would be really great is if they just wouldn't vote, um, because then the people that are active shareholders would have more of a say in what happens with these companies, but there's they own such a large percentage. Um

43:46 There's also an argument that they should have to vote in the same proportion that Direct holders vote. Yeah, well if they didn't vote that would happen just by natural because the the vote would just be But it'd be more like

43:59 How unfortunately how voting works in America where you only have like a twenty percent turnout. But The second order of factor that like I could have control of the company with a very small share. Yeah. At first I think the public investors got really scared because they were marked to the index and they ended up doing what people call closet indexing to make sure that they didn't Um Lose out and like when the Mag Seven took off. Um if you didn't own those, like

44:28 You had a bad year. Yeah, as an example. And so you're forced to kinda clause an index. But They were they had kinda reached a point where They think the number of active investors is so few But

44:41 The ability to get a edge is maybe Increased. As a result of the Of the massive indexing. Do you believe that?

44:49 I don't know. I mean it's it it's a the buy side is it's a very hard job, like to To be the the S P some people have even highlighted the fact that you know QQQ has probably outperformed eighty or ninety percent of venture funds. One of the surprising things that I learned about you through reading your book was that you

45:09 Love the craft of storytelling and writing. Yeah. Talk me about what you've learned about storytelling over the years and'cause that's really important to founders. It's really important to anybody trying to get a message out in today's world. Someone asked me like the top three traits of founders that are successful and I put storytelling in there. Um Th the there's another thing that happened. You know When I

45:34 Prior to going to business school I didn't read much, but some bit flipped when I was in business school, I started reading and I I started with business books that most people know. Um I got into personal development books, which I find a lot of successful people have this moment in their life where they roll through You know, Dale Carnegie and like seven habits and stuff like that. Um

45:57 And then and then biographies. But but after that I I've I've kind of fell in love with With long form. non fiction journalism that reads

46:08 In an exciting way. And was the wave that was Malcolm Gladwell and Michael Lewis and John Krakauer and those books that read like fiction, you know, even though they're non fiction. And there's actually multiple books written on that art. It's called The New Journalism and The New New Journalism. And I've read those books about that.

46:30 Writing. And I just find it super powerful that someone can maybe put together twenty pages that Like really impacts you. In a certain way. And so I started studying the craft, studying

46:42 Buffett and Howard Markson seeing these investors that were successful like Putting their stuff out there. If I was thinking through a problem about A new Most of my most successful investments fall in this category people call marketplaces. And

47:00 Before there was a first marketplace, like Th there wasn't a Knowledge base. And You know, we crafted that along the way.

47:09 and codified it and wrote it down. And that in addition to helping you think through all the corner cases and exactly why Bezos has his six page letter. concept at Amazon. He he believes that if you have to write it out and make it stand alone and be cogent. That you'll think through more of the the problems and you'll it'll be more cohesive and it'll it'll

47:36 Um you you'll figure out the loose ends and you'll tie'em up. Um and But in addition to that, in the venture world. For the founder that doesn't know you when they see Your knowledge on a subject.

47:48 Or they see What you're talking about in their own business, they reach out to you. So it becomes A calling card. It's like a magnet. Yeah. Yeah. And I I I'm not the only one that's done it. A lot of people have done it. And some people don't use that technique. There's other ways to to get deal flow, but It's powerful if if you do it right. You mentioned storytelling. What are the other

48:10 uh you know chosen unfair advantages that founders have. You said there's three storytelling. I hope I can remember it. I think product instincts That that comes partially from understanding The new edge.

48:26 Which we already talked about. But like It probably took my whole career for me to fully understand how hard it is to hire someone Who's not a product.

48:38 First. individual. And then get them To be good at it. I'm sure there are examples, but it's gotta be five percent or less of the use case. Super hard. Um Um so s s uh storytelling is so important because

48:55 In the founder case, you're recruiting employees, you're you're you're recruiting executives, you're raising money, you're closing customers, you're closing partnerships, you're selling All the damn time. Yeah. And the best ones are just super effective at it. Um, and you can see it with Bezos, you can see it. with like Toby at Shopify. I mean, God, like listen to any Toby podcast you possibly can. Like of course the world's gonna follow this guy. Daniel Eck, like they're just

49:26 So gifted at describing what they're Trying to do. You know, and that's that's just Just

49:34 you know, super, super valuable. Have you had such a successful angel portfolio? You don't have any free time. And he says, Oh, when I meet an entrepreneur, there's only one thing I ask myself, is this person gonna do this no matter what? Come hell or high water. They're doing this. Like they're just

49:54 Already. Convinced That this is so important. They're not gonna stop. And I think that

50:02 level of determination is present in all the great founders. Like they're just going at it. You know full blast. Sehr gut, sehr gut, sehr gut. Sehr gut. Wieso Steuer ist sehr gut. Das sagen ganz viele. Wer sagt das? Stiftung Warentest, Computerbild, Fokus Money, Chip, Finanztipps, such dir was aus. Mega, aber das ist doch bestimmt kompliziert. Nö, einfach Foto von der Lohnsteuerbescheinigung machen und fertig. Klingt sehr gut.

50:28 Ist sehr gut. Mit Wieso Steuer? Bis zum 31. Juli abgeben. What are the What are some of the real world lessons you learned while working with Uber that you wouldn't find in like an HBS case study. Well that's e that's an easy answer to get to quickly, although now Uh'cause I had it I had a moment in my brain.

50:51 Or that exact phrase you just said popped into my brain. We were You know, in a situation where I think

51:01 most people that were investing in the category knew it had Winner take all dynamics and network effects. And As a result. There was this

51:12 determination that they were just gonna have to fund Yeah. Kinda add nauseum. And you had a situation where the burn rates you know where okay, well some of the hands lift a billion dollars. Well then we we get handed three billion. And so and and and once again the only way

51:30 to compete in that world is to spend that money. And so you have These burn rates that are bigger than any pro Public company would ever spin going after a new category. And and so aggressive. And I thought to myself at the moment

51:46 Um there is no HBA case study. You could take the board members from Walmart and Costco and GM and and General Electric or whatever you consider the top ten best companies and they would have never been in this situation before. So there was no there was no one to call. There is no there's no mentor to go find. Um Which was uh

52:09 H harrowing a bit to recognize you're in that situation. But now all the AI companies are in that situation. So I uh I feel for Uber was kind of the first in the in the And the mega burn. Yeah. I mean well Amazon was You know, they they had a

52:26 big burn rate, but then Uber took it to a new level. Um, but now it's at an uh they've added a zero. I'm curious from the like how benchmark was structured on the inside and how that structure contributed to its success. I've talked about this a lot. I I was very fortunate to get invited into benchmark. I was I I joined I on the third fund. So I wasn't They're early. Um they

52:53 Had left The founders of Benchmark had been at hierarchical firms where they felt like the senior Patriarchs. We're Maybe

53:03 Taking too much of the money. And too much of the credit. And not doing the work. That was imperative for the firm's success.

53:13 Um most Partnerships, you know, you think law partnerships or accounting firm partnerships work in a way where The the senior people have more power and take more of the economics and the junior people have to work their way up over a long period of time. The founders decided at Benchmark that they were just gonna make it equal, an equal partnership.

53:35 And there's no there's no lead partner. There's no King there's no president. There's just Five equal partners. So what are the second third order consequences? There's a bunch of'em. And I think

53:48 Most of'em are positive. The first thing is it makes it very easy to recruit exceptional talent from other firms'cause they're not in that. situation and you immediately and I was at a firm that was Haraco and You know, even if You went back and said, Well, I'm gonna leave to go to the sequel partnership and they said, Oh, we'll make you equal. Well, you did it because I was leaving, not because it works that way. Right.

54:12 That's one. The second one is It really encourages development. of the new people that come in because

54:21 I'm gonna take an equal part of their success when they start delivering. And so I'm not I want them to be super successful. And I'm gonna spend time

54:32 And and I boy on my way in I felt that like I just felt like you know, and the type of support it if you're in a up or out firm I bet it feels kinda lonely. I bet you know you're competing against that person over there. Are you gonna share ideas with them? Maybe, maybe not. Like in in this equal partnership. You know, if one of my companies needs a

54:55 New CFO and they know of one They'll probably just give it to me right away. My company succeeding's no different than their company succeeding. So you just create a A different dynamic. And you don't spend any time annually on Comp review.

55:11 And recutting the pie. You don't Yeah like it's all it's always equal, it's always gonna be equal. Like the that amount of political overhead just goes away. It there is there's one huge negative. So I I don't wanna just say it's all Um

55:27 the it's almost impossible to t have Uh because you don't have a CEO it it's hard to scale out and it's hard to have new initiatives. Like Because there's no

55:39 But oh maybe we should. You know The website was always a funny one. Like who's gonna own the website? Well. A are we gonna hire, you know, someone to do that and well who owns that responsibility. Yeah. And

55:52 When Matt Kohler came in, he had he's like, Oh man, I'll take it on. I love like I know exactly what we mean. He created this super complicated website and it had all the founders on it and now they're connected to all the partners and And People started complaining'cause stuff wasn't right. And one day Mac came in and uh he said, You know what? I'm taking it all down and I'm putting up a splash page. And he did that he did that like I don't know, fifteen years ago.

56:19 And still today benchmark has A single page. And that's a result of this issue that I'm describing. Well, you know, uh it's interesting you say that because I find a lot of websites have such a high cognitive load to use. A splash page with like you know, four or five thousand or Berkshire Hathaway's website. I totally get it. I don't there's not a lot of cognitive time. Like if I uh you know, I heard this example um from a a guy a couple weeks ago. He's like, if I'm going to buy a sweater, I don't wanna know your mission statement. I don't want like I just wanna buy a sweater. There's a little bit of bespoke confidence in in just having a splash page. I would just add that there are plenty of highly successful venture firms that aren't structured that way. And so I don't it's not I'm not

57:01 What makes A founder choose Benchmark or somebody else. Like what goes into that. People want to work with you. You know, when I came in

57:21 You know, the Mike Moritz, you know, John Dore. Like they've had so much success that That not only You know, is it likely that they Are great at what they do and no

57:34 people that will help your company succeed. But Their stamp Of approval of you will carry weight. In and of itself.

57:44 And so there some people have said it's the only investing category where there are network effects because once you have a reputation Mm. It it you have an unfair advantage in deal flow. Underneath that I would

57:58 I would say founders are particularly Um motivated To be around people who understand What they're doing.

58:08 Oh and are excited by it. And excited about it. And one of the reasons young people can break into venture and be wildly successful is Yeah. Much more likely to be the age of the founder.

58:21 They're much more likely to feel Someone that understands what they're doing. Uh with with many of these technologies that are new, they're much more likely to understand them. And

58:34 You know I I've used examples describing this in the past, but let's say you're a Really into Esports or something, you y y it would be very easy to know more.

58:47 than the successful generalist venture capitalist in that category. Yeah. Like you could very quickly know more. And that could be true of of YouTube video creations. Like it'd be very easy for a young venture capitalist to know more about what it takes to be successful on YouTube. Then John Dore or Mike Maritch or me or whoever.

59:12 Like'cause you could just go Spend a hundred percent of your time on that. So so in that way, is it sort of like athletics where you you age out in a way and you're competing against younger people who know or understand a niche better? Or how I I I think The the whole industry bends towards youth for that reason and because it's a hustle business. Like there there's there's always a rock you haven't looked under. And you know, age brings children and homes and

59:41 And and Other requirements you get tied to and responsibilities and you're just not able to go spend eighty hours a week studying YouTube. Like you just can't. Um so I think it bends towards youth. Um, which is great. Like like it's a it's a highly competitive industry. It's hard to get a job. But if you get one, there are reasons why you can break in. We always end with the same question, Bill, which is what is success for you?

1:00:10 I mean I think it's changed over time. I would say when I look back on my venture capital career, I made a decision, a very specific decision to say Okay, I'm done. And And I I don't think I would have done that if I

1:00:25 felt there was work left to do. I think I reached a point where I felt there wasn't any work left to do. So in that You know. That was my dream job. I

1:00:35 Was thrilled to do it. I Loved every minute of it. I often said that I would if we lived in a socialist society and I everyone had to work for free, I would still take that job. Um or the same fee salary or whatever. Um might not be eating, but you'd be but that's now done. And so as I look forward

1:00:55 You know, I was very moved by this book, Arthur Books. wrote called strength to strength to strength. Where he talks about this next chapter and you're like I would like to take some of the Techniques.

1:01:09 that I use to be successful as a venture capitalist, mostly around the blog and understanding problems and synthesizing and see if I can apply those techniques to bigger broader problems in society and see if I can Dent the universe a little bit. That way.

1:01:28 I love it. I wish you luck. Yeah. Me too. Me too. Thank you so much for taking the great.

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