Josh Wolfe: Human Advantage in the World of AI

0:00 Look at AI right now. Billions of dollars being spent. The flurry of all of this. benefits us as consumers. Always and everywhere. Just wait.

0:08 And they'll compete and compete in It will accrue to us as users. How do we create an unfair advantage in a world of AI? I think the limits to human intelligence. are rooted in our biology.

0:20 We'll understand us in many ways better than we understand ourselves. We can still be computers in chess. Done. We can still beat'em in Go, done. We can beat him in video games, done. Okay, but we still have creativity.

0:32 Done. All these things have been trained on The sum total of all human creation. And now they're being trained on the some total of human creation plus artificial creation. I'm absolutely convinced that

0:44 we are going to have machines doing science twenty four-seven. I just think it's gonna be part of the total overture over of creation and I think it's a beautiful thing. Welcome to the Knowledge Project. I'm your host, Shane Parish. In a world where knowledge is power.

1:15 This podcast is your toolkit for mastering the best what other people have already figured out. If you want to take your learning to the next level, consider joining our membership program at fs.blog slash membership. As a member, you'll get my personal reflections at the end of Every episode. Early access to episodes, no ads including this, exclusive content, hand edited transcripts, and so much more.

1:39 Check out the link in the show notes for more. While others ask what's trending, Josh Wolf asks, what seems impossible today? He's built a career betting on scientific breakthroughs that most people don't believe can happen. As co-founder of Lux Capital, he's backed companies cleaning up nuclear waste and building brain computer interfaces. But here's the contradiction. Despite investing in technology that could make humans obsolete, Josh is profoundly optimistic about human potential.

2:09 His thinking challenges conventional wisdom. While most see AI as automation and threats to humanity, Josh sees it as a catalyst for human achievement. In this conversation, we explore this paradox, diving deep into how technological evolution can amplify rather than diminish what makes us human. From geopolitical power shifts to the future of human creativity, Josh reveals the exact frameworks he uses for seeing what others miss and betting on this seemingly impossible future. It's time. To listen. And learn.

2:46 start with what you're obsessed with today. What's on your mind? Uh well Uh, first and foremost kids and family. Trying to be a good dad, good husband, technologically obsessed with so many different things. We were just in a partnership meeting. And probably the most interesting thing at the moment is thinking about the speed

3:03 of certain technologies, like the actual physical technologies and where the bottlenecks are. So in biology You've got All kinds of reactions, nature figured out, evolution figured out, enzymes and catalysts and things that can speed up reactions, but you can move faster. than the speed of biology.

3:20 Now you think about AI, totally different field, but the same sort of underlying f philosophical principle. If you've tried Chat G PT. Operator. It can only move at the speed.

3:33 Of the web. And at that it's sort of with latency a little bit slow. So we're thinking about what are the technologies that can accelerate these things that have these natural, almost physics limits, and even if those limits are biological or digital. So that is something that at the moment I'm obsessed with in part because I have ignorance about it, and when I have ignorance about it, my competitive spirit says How do I get smart about this? How do I get some differentiated insight? How do I know what everybody else thinks and then find

3:58 the sort of white space answer. So that's one big thing. Obsessed with geopolitics. It is the great game. uh everything from US China competition.

4:09 to uh Iran, Israel Yeah. the Sahel and Maghreb in Africa, which is not an area that a lot of people talk about or think about that I believe with Low probability, super high magnitude import. is going to become the next Afghanistan that that region in the Sahel

4:30 All these coups and cascades of these coups of failed states. Where you have Russian mercenaries, violent extremists. Chinese C C P coming in with infrastructure. European colonial powers being kicked out.

4:45 Against this backdrop of brilliant scientists and engineers and technologists that went to HBS or Stanford and worked at Meta and Google and are going back and particularly in like Ghana and Kenya and Nigeria are building businesses. So that continent is gonna be a truly contested space for Future and progress and for utter chaos and terrorism.

5:07 So yeah, it's a widespread of stuff that I'm probably currently obsessed with. Let's talk about all those things. Let's start with sort of uh diving in. You mentioned chat GPT operator. Yes. And the limitation sort of being we're moving at the speed of the web. At what point do you think that we're Uh those systems are all designed for human. At what point do they become designed for AI first and then humans are using them? Or do we just have two simultaneous interfaces? I think it's gonna be both. I think that there there's always this like ignorance arbitrage. where somebody figures out that there's an opportunity to take advantage and improve a system while people don't understand it.

5:41 And so I think that there are people that are probably gonna launch redesign businesses where they say we will optimize your web pages just like people did for search engine optimization when Google rose, then you had to be more relevant because Google was so important. Google was influencing whether or not people would see you or discover you. And so if there are certain tasks like open table or restaurants or shopping They are now gonna start to shift their user interface. Not just for the clicks of a human.

6:08 But for the clicks of an AI that's doing research on the best product. And the way that those are going to negotiate and in some cases influence or trick the judgment and the reasoning of the AI is really interesting. So I think that that is probably the next domain where those things are gonna get better faster. They're gonna have more compute. But then people are gonna be redesigning some of these experiences not for us and the user interface of humans, but machine to machine.

6:33 And you're already starting to see this where there was one element of like in instantiation of R one communicating with another in R one, but the language that they were communic was not English or Chinese or even traditional code. It was like this weird, almost alien language. And so I think you're gonna see a bunch of that. There's another adjacent theme which I think is also really interesting, which is AI portends the death of APIs.

6:54 So APIs allow Meta with their Meta glasses or Ryan to be able to communicate with uh Uber and, you know, Spotify. through the backend, through software. But increasingly those things are complicated. They're hard to negotiate. There's a lot of legal There's API calls, there's restrictions, there's privacy, there's controls. But if you're one of these companies that are like, I don't want to go through all of that. Can I just use AI? to pretend that I'm a user.

7:19 And in fact I had this experience where I was using operator and I had this moral dilemma for a split second. Do I click to confirm that I'm not a bot? because I had to take control over it because the bot actually was trying to do my research on behalf of me. And so

7:34 Uh, you see a world where APIs that have been the plumbing of Everything in SaaS and software and negotiating behind the scenes. may start to lose influence and power to AIs that are able to basically just negotiate on the front end as though they were a user. So I think that that whole domain is gonna very rapidly evolve.

7:52 In like A quarter or two. You you mentioned sort of the limitations and like biology moves at a certain speed. There there's a couple subset of questions here, but one is where's the limitation in AI growth right now? It seems like we have energy as a a key input. We have compute as a key input. And then we have data slash algorithms as like the

8:14 The next key input. What am I missing? What's the limitation on those? Well start with conventional wisdom, which has heretofore been correct, which is You need more compute, you need more capital, uh, scaling laws for AI, just throw more GPUs and processors and money and ultimately energy to support that, and you will get better and better breakthroughs. The counter to that, which you're seeing in some cases with open source or people that have now trained on some of the large models is that There's gonna be a shift towards model efficiency. And so that's number one, that people are going to figure out how do we do these more efficiently with less compute. Number two, which is a

8:48 big sort of contrary thesis that I have. Is that A significant portion of inference. So you know if you break down training, you still need large hundred thousand ish cluster of H one hundred top performing chips. It's expensive. Only the hyperscalers here to four have been able to do that. you can do some training if you're using things like Together Compute in some of our companies without having to do that yourself, sort of like

9:09 Going back. Two. on prem versus Colo versus cloud transition fifteen years ago. But I think that you're gonna end up doing a lot of inference. On device.

9:20 Meaning instead of going uh to the cloud and typing a query, like thirty to fifty percent of your inference may be on an Apple or an Android device. And if I had a bet today it's Android because of the architecture over Apple. But if Apple can do some smart things, maybe they can catch up to this, but some of the design choices and the closed aspects, which have been great for privacy as a feature. may hurt them. in this wave. And you could already see like perplexity can actually be an assistant on my Android device. I carry both, so I can understand both operating systems. You can't do that yet on iOS and Apple. But here's the the insight.

9:52 If thirty to fifty percent of my inference is My cached emails and my chats and my WhatsApp. And all the stuff that I keep on my device, my photos, my health data, my calendar. Then

10:05 The memory players may play a much bigger role. So now you have Samsung, SK Heinicks, Micron that are important here. If I had to come up with somewhat pejorative analogy, I think Samsung is going to be more like Intel. I think that they're just a little bit sclerotic and bureaucratic and slow moving and it's gonna sort of ebb and decline. I think Micron.

10:26 is a US company which is going to be more constrained by restrictions that are put on export control. And I think SK being a Korean company is gonna be able to skirt those in the same way that NVIDIA has with you know, distribution to China through Singapore and Indonesia and Malaysia. Which is now being investigated, but

10:44 Uh but the memory players are likely to be ascendant. And so what heretofore was a bottleneck on compute could shift. attention, talent, money into New architectures where memory plays a key role on small models on device for inference. Meditieren, Yoga, joggen, nichts entspannt mich. Echt? Mich entspannt meine Steuer total. Steuer? Wie Finanzamt?

11:04 Die Steuererklärung? Ja, ich habe ganz locker über 1000 Euro zurückbekommen. Hast du geheime Connections oder Excel-Superkräfte? Nö, nur die Wieso Steuer App. Wow, und das ist einfach? Klar, die macht fast alles automatisch. Ich fühle mich plötzlich so. Entspannt. Hol dir dein Geld zurück. Abgabefrist 31. Juli. Was? Schaffst du ganz entspannt, mit wieso Steuer? I've always thought of memory as like a commodity. It doesn't matter if I have a MU chip or a ScanDes and that's what people thought about CPUs back in the day, and then GPUs for just, you know, traditional uh video graphics. And then the AI researchers came and said, Well, wait a second, we can run these convolutional neural nets on these GPUs and They reached into somebody else's domain of

11:47 PlayStation and Xbox and pulled them in and suddenly you know, it lit up this uh phenomenon that turned uh NVIDIA from fifteen billion to, you know, two and a half or three trillion. Do you think NVIDIA is got a long runway? I think that their ability with that market capitalization and that cash and the margins that they have they can reinvent and buy a lot of things. So uh I think Jensen is a thoughtful capital allocator. I think he's benefited and caught

12:13 lightning in a bottle over the past ten years and now just particularly in the past six. I would not count NVIDIA out. What's the upside from two and a half or three trillion to five trillion or ten trillion, or do they go back down to I I've no idea. So that's a more of a fundamental valuation based on the speculation. But if you have ninety, ninety five percent margins. And your chips are thirty thousand dollars.

12:34 Could you shrink them down? and sell for three thousand dollars and take small margins but get more volume. And this was some of the debate that I think happened with the release of Deep Seek, where you had Satya Basically talking about Jevin's paradox. That

12:47 Any one thing might get more efficient, but the result is not that you have less demand in aggregate. You have much more demand. You know, the classic example of this is like refrigerators. single refrigerator back in the day was An energy hawk.

13:00 All of a sudden you make these things more efficient. And what happens, it becomes much cheaper. So if something's cheaper, you're you're gonna buy you know, more of it. And they shrunk refrigerators down. And so now everybody had one in their garage and in their office and uh in their basement. And so the aggregate demand for electricity.

13:17 And then for all the components and coils and refrigerant went up, not down. Same thing with You know, if you have a uh fifty six K bod modem, which was like my first modem, you know, dial up internet and all that kind of stuff on CompuServe and you know, then you go to a T three and fiber optic, you know s at the speed of light. It is way more efficient, but your usage now is just huge. You're streaming four K videos and watching Netflix and trading on Bloomberg and but uh whereas if you actually want to decrease use.

13:44 The non obvious thing that you would want to do is actually slow down speed. I mean put me on a fifty six K bod modem today, I'd just like pull out my hair and never use it. You couldn't even use Gmail. Where do you think intelligence is the limiting factor of progress? Human intelligence? I think that

14:01 The great thing about us is that We are, I don't know, sixty or seventy percent predictable. in that so many of the uh foibbles and virtues and vices of man and woman or Shakespearean. You know, they're hundreds of I mean, tens of thousands of years old for modern evolution, but

14:19 With that, we are still irrational. Uh You know, Danny Kahneman was a friend. Danny amazing guy, but he could document all the heuristics and all the biases which you study and write about. And he's like, I'm still

14:33 A victim of them. Even knowing them doesn't really insulate me from falling. You know, to them just like an optical illusion. You can know it's an optical illusion, but You still see it and you still fall for it. So I think the limits to human intelligence. are rooted in our biology.

14:49 And we have all of these uh embodied intelligence that have sort of been externalized. in calculators and in computers that help us to overcome that. And I certainly feel today that a significant portion of my day That might be spent with a colleague riffing on something.

15:06 Uh, and sometimes that's like great for a muse or tapping into information or intelligence or some tidbit or a piece of gossip or an experience that they had. And that's why like the diversity of Cognitive diversity is really important. I'm complimenting that with All day chat with

15:22 Perplexity and Claude and Open AI and you know, any number of LLMs that might hallucinate just like a friend and might be wrong about something. But might give me some profound insight. I think what I'm interested in is at what point will machines like if intelligence is the limiting factor on progress in certain domains or areas.

15:42 It strikes me that In the near future. The machines will be Able to surpass human intelligence. For sure. And if that's the case, then those areas are

15:52 Right for Either disruption or rapid progress. Well I think You know what Peter Drucker never imagined when he was talking about knowledge workers and the shift from like blue collar workers to white collar workers. was that machines would actually most threaten those professions.

16:08 And so you take some of the most elite professions. Doctors. uh the ability to do a differential diagnosis today. I take my medical records as soon as I get them from top doctors and I still put them into LMs to see what did they miss and sometimes it unearth some interesting correlations.

16:25 Is there a scientific paper from the past 10 years that might have bearing on this particular finding or something in a blood test? So that is really interesting. Language is code. multi billion dollar lawsuits sometimes come down to the single placement and interpretation by a human of a word. Published this in his last book, Noise.

16:46 Was that the same case the same information, the same facts presented to the same judge at different times of day. or to present it to different judges. They are not objective. And he actually thought that for justice and fairness.

16:59 that you would want the human intelligence apply to these situations. With their biases. to be either complemented or replaced by AIs that had a consistency and a fidelity in how they made decisions. So

17:11 Those are all high paying jobs with lots of training, lots of time. to gain the experience, the reasoning, the intelligence, and many of those things are at risk. Uh government itself, the ability to legislate make decisions, you want to be able to capture and express the will of the people. But increasingly we have social media that's able to do that. It could be corrupted, but there's mechanisms to figure out how do you really surface what does the populace care about. And some in Europe have tried to do these things.

17:38 The key thing is always like What's the incentive? And what's the vector where somebody can Come in and corrupt these things? But interestingly, I actually

17:47 think that the people whose jobs are like most protected in this new domain are blue collar workers. A robot today can't really fully serve a meal and they cannot effectively even though every humanoid robot tries to do folding laundry and

18:03 There's still basic jobs that are not low paying, but they're arguably safer than ever. And this ties into immigration and technology and human replacement. But people that are doing maintenance, people that are plumbers. Many of these things are standardized systems. But it's like the old joke about the plumber that comes in.

18:21 And you know, he comes in and he taps a few things and like suddenly the pipes are fixed. He says, You know w how much is it? It is a thousand bucks. A thousand bucks for that? He's like it was a five dollar part. He's like, Yeah, the par was five dollars, but nine hundred ninety five was knowing where to tap and where to put it. And so I think that there's still a lot of this like tacit knowledge in craft and maintenance that is going to be protected against the rise of the machines that are gonna replace most of the white collar intelligence and knowledge workers. Do you believe uh I think it was Zuck who came out and said, you know, by mid this year, twenty twenty five

18:52 That AI would be as good as a mid level engineer. Encoding. Encoded. Yeah, for sure. What are the implications of that? Walk me through like

19:01 The next eighteen months if that's true. Well, again, if you take this in the frame of Jevin's paradox, then a lot more people are going to be able to code uh in ways that they never have. And in fact, uh, I think it was like Andre Caparthy who was on Twitter a day or two ago. Talking about who he himself. Uh as a coder. was basically just talking in natural language and having the AI and I forget which one he was particularly using.

19:24 Generate code. And then If If it tweaked something and he wanted to change a design and make a particular sidebar a little bit thicker or thinner, he would just say make the sidebar and it was able to do that.

19:35 So I think the accessibility for people who never coded, never programmed to be able to come up with an idea and say, Oh, I wish there was an application that could do X, Y, and Z to be able to quickly do that is great. for the big companies who employ many coders that are competing at an ever faster speed. You know, you have somebody like like Mark Benioff who's saying that they're not hiring any more coders, at the same time that he's still talking about the primacy of SaaS, which is this weird contradiction. But

19:58 I would suspect that maybe you lose ten to thirty percent of the people that you normally would have hired. But the people that are there are still like these 10 X coders and now they have a machine that's helping them be like twenty to a hundred X. Do you think margins go up then for a lot of these companies? I don't know. I always feel like margins are always fleeting in a sense because it's like a fallacy of composition. One company stands up a little bit higher and then everybody else is on their tippy toes. So I think it just changes the game.

20:24 But I don't think that you have some like permanent margin. really large margins is when you truly have like a monopoly NVIDIA today. Until there's an alternative, whether in architecture or algorithms or in something else. you know, they've got dominant margins because they can charge super high prices because there is no alternative. So when you have that there is no alternative

20:45 But in many domains. given enough time, there's an alternative. And then margins just resettle and look at cars, you know, the average margin on cars. Cars today are Ten thousand times better by every measure of fuel efficiency, comfort, air conditioning, satellite radio, but those margins never persisted as being like permanently high. I always come back to sort of buff it in the sixties with the Loom, right? I always relate everything to the Loom because everybody was coming to him when he first took control and they're like, Oh, we got this new technology and he's like, Yeah, but all the benefits gonna go to the customer, it's not gonna go to me. I mean look look at AI right now.

21:22 Billions of dollars being spent. All the foundation models, all the competition. The second that deep sea comes out, it suddenly accelerated the internal strategic decisions from open AI of when are we gonna release models. And so the flurry of all of this.

21:35 benefits us as consumers, always and everywhere. And so We were looking at an internally installing some new AI system. Two

21:44 Surface all of our disparate documents. And there's a bunch of these. And our Gmail, our Slack, our Google Docs, our PDFs, our legal agreements, and just have a repository with permissions and all this. And it's expensive in part because going back to that ignorance arbitrage, somebody could charge us a lot of money to do that implementation. And my default was just wait.

22:05 Why don't we wait six months? Because this is gonna be available from all of the major L providers today that want to get the enterprise accounts. And let's just wait and they'll compete and compete and th it will accrue to us as users. Talk to me about all these models. People are spending, you know, hundreds of billions, if not trillions, of dollars around the globe. competing on a model. Do you think that's the basis of competition or how does that play out? And then you have Zach who's trying to open source it.

22:30 And he spent I don't know what sixty to a hundred billion, uh, probably by the end of June this year. open sourcing it. So he's basically like I wouldn't say he's doing it for free, but what's the strategy there? F first you have just straight head to head competition, you know, anthropic and claude and uh Chat GPT and opening I and others. Um then you have sovereign models. So there are countries that are saying we don't want to be beholden to the US or to China.

22:54 We funded a company in Japan called Sakana. This is one of the lead authors from the Google Transformer, and a guy David Ha. And just incredible team. And they are actually trying to do these super efficient novel architectures, so they're not trying to train these multi hundred thousand clusters. Their latest model, which was based on this evolutionary technique, was like eight GPUs, which was wild.

23:15 So that's one trend. But On the strategic question for Zach, I actually think that he's probably playing it the smartest of everybody, which is and he's been open about this. Um we're gonna open source the models with Lama. and uh we're gonna let people develop on them.

23:28 Why? Because The real value is gonna be in the repository of Longitudinal data, deep data. If you go back 10, 15 years, like the number one thing in tech was big data, big data, big data. Okay, well now if you actually have big data.

23:42 You want to use whatever models are out there to run on your proprietary silo of data. So the people that I think are going to be advantaged, meta? Why? All my WhatsApp messages. Apple doesn't. Meta does. They've got all my Instagram likes and preferences and every detail of how long I spend and linger on something and what I post and uh all that content in my Facebook, which I don't really use anymore other than when Instagram p you know cross post to it. But that is super valuable.

24:06 And they care about that. In part because Zuck. needs to route around both Apple and Google. He does not have a device. I mean you've got Oculus and MetaQuest and whatnot, but that's not the one.

24:19 This Orion with the neural band from the company control labs that we funded, which was for the non invasive brain machine interface to be able to use free gestures, which is an absolute directional arrow of progress, right? Disintermediating. the control surfaces you have, remote controls and all that kind of stuff, and just being able to gesture map a device to your human body is is absolutely the trend. But he's thinking about how do I route around these devices and how do I have a long repository of everybody's information and use the best model that's out there. The great thing about open source is it'll continue to improve over time.

24:48 So I think that that's a winning strategy. I think the people that are continuing to develop ever better models, unless they have proprietary data. are gonna be sort of screwed. Bloomberg should do really well. I mean the h the huge amount of proprietary information, all the acquisition that they've done over time. being able to normalize merger data and historic information and the l longitude of price information and correlations between different asset classes, being able to run AI on top of that.

25:14 is like a quant dream. So I think that people that have uh h hospital systems Arguably some governments if used efficiently, but anybody that has A proprietary source of information, clinical trials, uh failed experiments inside of pharma companies.

25:29 Being able to to do that is the real gold. And the large language models are effectively like over time I think going to trend toward zero in a commodity excavator of that.

25:39 So the moat is really in the data, you think. Because everything will be sort of comparable. The data sitting by itself is like an oil well that isn't mined, you know, or not gas finding, that isn't fract. So it needs to be extracted. And I think that Most likely open source, but in some cases. Enterprise partnerships between Anthropic or OpenAI with some of these siloed data.

26:02 Sets will unleash a lot of value. So aside from meta, what counterintuitive sort of public companies would you say have like really Interesting data sources. Uh that's a good question. I haven't really spent a lot of time on that to figure out who's got crazy amounts of proprietary data.

26:19 Pharma. would be a good one because obviously there are Yeah, tracking both their Successful, but they're unsuccessful clinical trials. There's a lot of information in the unsuccessful data, like the things that failed that you can learn from. You could argue that Tesla, of course, who I'm very publicly critical of, like if they truly are collecting a ton of

26:37 road user data from you know every Tesla that's being driven. That would be valuable. Anything where there's a collection, set of sensors, a repository of information. that is owned by them. Anything that we've signed off on that, you know, your data is free for us to use, like like Meta.

26:55 You think of Tesla, they should have the best mapping software in the world. They literally like drive millions of miles every day. Right. They can update everything, they can locate police, they can locate speed cameras, they can get real time traffic. Weather patterns straight yeah, totally. Yeah. Okay, the flip of that though, right, taking sort of like The opposite view for a moment.

27:14 Netflix. Netflix has all of our viewing data. They know what we like. They know what you like. They can make a perfect set of channels for you. And the recommendations are reasonably good approximations of adjacencies to things that you liked. But they haven't been successful. Nor has the human algorithm at say HBO in the past

27:31 of like perfectly creating the next show that you really want to see. And About that is

27:39 They've put a lot of money into this, but it hasn't yielded the recipe maker for like the next perfect show. And oftentimes the thing that you want to see Is almost Something that's orthogonal from what you've been watching. Yeah. Like

27:52 I heard Anthony Mackie, who's in um you know, the the latest Marvel movie. Talking about an expectation. that he'll be somebody's like, How long do you think he'll be doing Marvel movies? He's like, Oh, I think probably like the next ten years.

28:04 And I'm like Probably two. Or three, because people are just bored of this stuff after a while. Like nobody wants to See another I I don't want to see another Marvel movie. I I like the adjacency of like the boys. Yeah. Which was like the dark you know, superhero kind of movie and

28:18 I think Trying to find groups that have proprietary data. That Have some predictive value. the most value probably for society, I don't know if it'll be entirely captured by companies.

28:30 It's just all the scientific information that we have. Because I'm absolutely convinced that We are going to have machines doing science twenty four seven. Well, so talk to me a little bit about I wanna come back to Tesla in a sec, but let's go down the science that why has nobody sort of taken every study published in a domain, say Alzheimer's research.

28:49 popped it into GPT and be like, Where are we wrong? what studies have been fabricated or proven not true that we're investing research in, right? Like'cause studies get built on studies and studies. And so if something from the eighties came out and it's like completely false, we've probably spent twenty billion dollars down this rabbit hole. And what's the next most likely thing to work? Is anybody doing that? I have to imagine they are because Deep Research came out, you know, today or in the past twenty four hours from Open AI, which is sort of their model with a better engine, so to speak, than Google's deep research, which itself was impressive, both because of its ability to search many sources and then the ability to

29:24 Uh you know, sort of I think it was either there or through NoBak LM to conjure the podcast, which at first was a static presentation of near human quality voice, but now you can interrupt it like a radio caller, which is super cool. But you can say Go through the past fifteen years of P and A S papers. uh or science and nature papers around this particular topic. And find Correlations between papers that do not cite each other.

29:48 Or Tell me any spurious correlations. And the beauty of all of that on sort of the information or informatic side. is eventually you will have a materials and methods output of that. that you can feed into

30:01 something like benching or some of the automated lab players. to actually say like run the experiment. So I'm Absolutely convinced. Like high certitude. I don't know exactly which company will do it. We've invested in some, they haven't worked. We'll invest in more, hopefully they will.

30:16 But this directional arrow of progress of the idea. By analogy. of machines doing science twenty four seven automated. Is going to happen. I'll give you

30:26 One or two analogies. If you were A musician. Back in the day. You know, if you and I were starting a band, we would have to go and get studio time here in New York City or Electric Lady Land or whatever, and you bring your instruments. Okay, maybe you could rent the instruments there.

30:39 And then garage ban and logic and pro tools pops up and now we don't have to be in the same physical space. My instrument is virtualized. I can create a temporal sequence of notes. I can layer them in, you could play drums, you could do vocals, blah blah. Okay.

30:53 Science is the same thing. I can be on the beach in the Bahamas and conjure a hypothesis. And use one of the AIs. Past literature searches.

31:04 See freedom to operate. See if there's white space. And then Tell one of these cloud labs. That is literally like sending something to AWS back in the day. And say, run this experiment. And the beauty of this is the robot will do the well, here's the beauty the the virtue and the vice. The robot will do the experiment and it should do it perfectly because it's digital and it's

31:22 Five Fidelity. The vice is so much scientific breakthrough has often happened because of serendipitous screw ups. Right. And so you want almost to engineer like a temperature on an AI model a little bit of stochastic randomness. So that the machine can sort of screw it up to see what might happen. Because you know, penicillin and Viagra and rubber and vulcanization. All these things happen by like random processes and then post factor, like huh, that's funny.

31:47 And then you know you you run with it. But Then the machine will say, Here's the results. And it will then reverse prompt you and say, Do you want to run the experiment again, but changing the titration of this to ten milliliters instead of five. And you just click a button from the beach and you're like yes, and the robots run it. Whoever ends up creating and building that. I think is gonna make a fortune. Well, you don't even have to decide. The robots could decide yes, right, right. And you you're sort of out of the loop and it just outputs science. Totally.

32:13 That would be so interesting. Before we get to that point, we'll probably get to the point where models make themselves better. Is that the the point where it really starts to go like parabolic almost? I don't I don't know. I I I definitely see that models can improve'cause you can even argue Like deep seeks are one.

32:32 is a model that was improving upon outputs from Chat GPT and and so on. So I definitely think that there will be this recursive Improvement. But you still going back to being rate limited by

32:44 Time. And Biological or chemical reactions. You still need to Instantiate this into a physical experiment.

32:51 And so you can model and simulate all you want, but then you actually have to like Do the thing. And make the Compound. And so those still take steps and you know, organic chemistry and there's like twenty reaction steps and people optimize to like reduce them down to six.

33:06 You still need the physents and the right temperature and uh the experimental design. So I still think that that's gonna be the bottleneck, but For sure, like the ideation and experimental design is gonna That's just gonna absolutely explode.

33:20 And then you'll have these automated labs with lots of different instruments where robots will be able to take out a sample from a centrifuge and put it into the next thing and like You don't need humans to do that any more than you need humans to assemble sophisticated iPhones. I mean we still have very cheap labor and Foxconn factories in China and Vietnam and elsewhere now doing that, but there's n no reason for that. Over time. Isn't that low hanging fruit though, just like look at all the work that we've done so far and tell us where we're on the right track and where we're sort of like we're going astray and that like there's nothing preventing that from happening today. There's nothing about this that is like

33:58 totally speculative and fantastical that it doesn't obey the laws of physics. The other project that I wanted to I was thinking about sort of um doing is just calling like uh prior art.org or something. And having AI read through all the patents and make the next adjacent. sort of like patent like improvement and then just publish it'cause then there's prior art. Right. Uh well yeah, there will for sure be AI patent trolls. If you put it negatively.

34:22 This would dissuade that. I mean, in a sense it would sort of be making prior art for as much as you can twenty four seven. Th there are companies that do this where they have creative patent filers for continuations in part so that they can keep sort of the life of this going. But The rise of Agentic AI. you can have some crazy idea, some brain fart at you know, nine thirty, ten o'clock at night, and you just had

34:46 You know, cocktail with friends, and you're like, Oh, like imagine You know if that ex Okay, well do the research. Does this exist? And if it doesn't exist. Can you You know, write a patent and

34:56 Sketch a diagram for me and file it and start and incorporate a company. Now all those things have to go with the speed of like certain processes. But All of that could be done overnight, where you literally wake up and There are multiple agents working on your behalf that have filed a patent, created a design, incorporated a company, possibly even put it out to some group and raised money for it overnight. That have opted into it and

35:20 I I don't know if there was like successful enough and it hit a bunch of criteria. I might allocate Some capital. Into an account. to allow a robot AI to actually receive pitches, respond to it, and create a small portfolio to allocate as an experiment. So you can see this whole thing as just like a A human idea or maybe one inspired by interactions with an AI.

35:40 That By the time you wake up You have a company started and the basis for people to actually Do work. Like that. in ten or twenty years people look back and be like how did we not see that coming?

35:53 And look at all the jobs that are being created because every single person is now creating And has like six virtual companies. The future's gonna be wild. Yeah. Talk to me, let's go back to Tesla for a second. Why the hate on Tesla? Let me say I think.

36:07 Elon is amazing. And certain things. Elon is a is arguably the greatest Storyteller, fundraiser. Inspiration for

36:17 Anybody in the in the past. May maybe in all time. Truly. I think his relationship with the truth has been questionable. And so in Tesla particularly, I think there was a time

36:28 Where the short sellers started to identify things, not because they just hated the company or hate the future or any of this. And he was able to very shrewd weaponize the us versus them. They're trying to kill us, right? Most short sellers that I know happen to be very disaffected people. And they have a chip on their shoulder.

36:45 And To me the motivating force and the incentive for them is not that they just want to make money. But they want to be right.

36:55 Mm. And they want to be right because they've identified somebody that they think is intentionally doing wrong. It's the same thing as an investigative journalist. It's the same thing as a opposition research for a politician. It's the same thing for somebody that is

37:09 trying to debunk a Sunday preacher charlatan. that basically s is almost intellectually competitive to say You are trying to pull the wool over these people's eyes. And I know what you're doing and I'm going to call you out on it. And so for me with Tesla

37:26 I think that they got away with accounting fraud. on warranty reserves and a whole bunch of other things. I think there was a lot of pressed digitation and magic of look over here while we're doing this. And

37:38 Today it doesn't matter because they got away with it. But I think that there was not the same kind of honesty that I would ascribe to Jeff Bezos. In how he built Amazon. and you know raised a few hundred million dollars of equity. You could look at stock base compensation, you could look at debt as capitalization.

37:54 But created this monster that is profitable cash flow positive. and never raised another dollar of equity. And Elon raised north of fifty billion dollars, took out fifty billion dollars. treated it like an ATM, said I'm never selling a share and sold lots of shares and then whether he had to do it to buy Twitter or whatever.

38:13 I just I don't feel it was done as honestly as other entrepreneurs that I greatly admire. Now That's it. SpaceX, I have no issue with. I think SpaceX is an extraordinary company. I think it's an incredibly important American company.

38:27 I think without it, we would be at a massive disadvantage. I think it is truly a national treasure, run by Gwen Shotwell, incredible engineers. We've backed a bunch of these engineers that have come out from Tom Mueller to th that I I just I think the world of. I've just Yeah, been much more critical about Elon's relationship with the truth as it came to Teslan. In many ways I felt like the whole thing was unnecessary.

38:49 Do you think those are one time things or they're systemic and they crop up every few months or something? In his personality? Yeah. He's past the stratosphere now. Like it's You know, he's he's proximate to power in ways that people can't compete with. If you're

39:06 um an investor in or your Sam Altman in open AI. You're not only worried about competition, you're worrying about a personal grudge from somebody who has the ear of the president. That can weaponize all kinds of uh systems of power from the DOG to the FTC to

39:21 The FBI And I I would be very nervous uh being an adversary with that kind of power. So Altman came out and said he didn't think Elon would would use that power against him. Which is A nice and smart thing and a necessary thing to say publicly.

39:36 And I think that Elon has even said like I won't use that but Wha what's the saying? Power corrupts. Yeah, an absolute power corrupts, absolutely, but I don't know. Like Uh you're in a position to power a doge. And uh

39:49 O M B and office of personnel and Are you and you have influence and you can shut some of these things down. Does Elon love the SEC? Um you know, he's been pretty vocal about

40:00 That Institution. Does he love the National Highway? Transit safety. Uh so if these things are gutted.

40:07 You know? I think you've got more free reign to Shut down criticism. The best entrepreneurs when short sellers are like You know, saying something?

40:17 They don't want to ban short selling. They don't want short sellers to be arrested. They should prove'em wrong. And so my favorite story about that was Brad Jacobs.

40:25 And his two the the short report came out, the stop draw. Precipitously, he borrowed two billion dollars, bought back shares. And Yeah. This is nothing to game, right? Right. Totally. We're gonna double down and go forward. Yeah. I think you turned that two into ten or eight or something. Like it was just crazy. So for me, I don't know, thirteen or so, like after I was bought Midsfoot, I I became atheist. And I just wouldn't I would see like these preachers

40:52 Exploiting people? It just like irked me. And it irked me in this. It wasn't in some I I reflected on this over the years. It wasn't in some virtuous holier than thou kind of thing. It was intellectually competitive. It's like I see what you're doing. You're running a con?

41:07 And I wanna call it out. And It wasn't rooted in like self virtue of like pursuit of truth. The real thing when I like

41:14 Thought about it is No, I w I wanna show that you're cheating people. Well short sellers are necessary to a well functioning market. I think we need to hear both sides of the story and make our own judgments and decisions. What point do you think that computers are gonna really make most of the investing decisions? Well, you could argue today They are, not because they're doing reasoning and analysis and fundamental work, but because

41:36 The structure of the market. is so dominated by passive indexation. And that is effectively An algorithm. And that algorithm says One dollar in buy.

41:47 one dollar out sell and in both cases Indiscriminately. And so You just have a flood of money that goes into the market and these indices buy everything and it becomes this massive market cap weighted Excelerant and

42:01 Then people say sell and th then the money just comes out. So In the past, I don't know, ten plus years where this has really become the case with Fidelity and BlackRock and State Street and others that the ETFs, which were well intentioned. You know, you go and listen to Buffett back in the day, it's like just put it in the market, right? You're it's hard for active managers to outcompete. Um definitely the case for the past Ten or fifteen years. Um

42:23 But I I do think that we will see a return to active managers that are able to discriminate True fundamentals. In part because I think that the cost of capital is just gonna rise and all the funny money of the past ten years is is gonna wash out.

42:37 Two questions, two rabbit holes I want to go down here. One, at what point do you think active managers and analysts is replaced by AI in the same way that Soc is saying an engineer at Meta is gonna be replaced by AI. Already there are AIs that Can not only go through Q's and Ks, ten Q's and ten K's and

42:56 can listen to quarterly earnings reports and CEOs that are talking at conferences or on podcasts. and can get an emotional sentiment, can see where they're varying their language in ways that only the subtlest of analyst in the past or uh portfolio manager could do. And I think the most valuable thing that AI is gonna do

43:15 when you ask it questions and it comes up with the answers and assuming those answers are accurate and cross correlated and double checked. They actually say. Here's the five questions you didn't ask. And so that is gonna unleash real insight. Now there is still this human aspect of being able to look

43:32 at somebody and decide do I trust them or not. And Uh, I think that the best analysts are able to say very Buffett like or Joel Greenblatt like.

43:42 Is this a good business? And there's ways to measure that like a fundamentally good business. Even if an idiot was running it. And then Do I think it's at a good price?

43:51 And is therefore my expected return gonna be high? And do I trust the people that are running it because ultimately I am allocating capital to them in the same way that somebody allocates capital to us. I like the virtue of our private markets because I am Les We're still beholden, but far less beholden. to a day to day market, you know, Mr. Market. Um

44:09 fluctuation of you know depressive positivity or or pessimism. Uh We have 10 year locked funds, we're able to make long term bets. It's arguably this great source of time arbitrage when everybody else is looking and discounting back a year or 18 months or two years. But you know, you think about the three main sources of edge and we've talked about this in the past, but informational, analytical, and behavioral.

44:31 informational advantage. used to exist a long time ago, regulations like Reg F D and Avoidance of insider trading and information that try to Equalize the playing field.

44:43 in addition to a huge influx of really brilliant people that are able to use cutting edge data tools. having an information advantage is really hard. having an analytic advantage where AI can play a role in that let's assume we all have the same information and I don't have any better intel or information. Like, for example, just as an aside on the information advantage, there was a hedge fund. Which I won't name. Which was very cleverly.

45:04 going and actually buying stuff. Online. from Adobe. Every time they did. They got a piece of

45:11 Legal inside information. Which is Adobe's web URL actually when you made a purchase for Creative Cloud. uh four million seven hundred twenty three or whatever. And then like six hours later they would go, and it was like four million twenty. And so they could infer and extrapolate

45:27 What the sales were. based on this because when they bought it six days later or six hours later or whatever they saw Where they were in the queue and you can sort of extrapolate. That that was legal to do. But once that signal leaks out and somebody's like, Oh, that's a clever way to figure that out.

45:43 Then it rapidly erodes. So informational advantage hard, analytical advantage. brilliant people combined with brilliant technology really hard. And then it goes into this last one, which is the behavioral and that to me is the persistent thing.

45:57 Now AIs over time. will understand us in many ways better than we understand ourselves. Google already arguably knows more about you than the closest people in your life based on the things that you search for, search in private for. Um and AI will as well. And already there's an eerie

46:13 Moment. That I appreciate because I've given myself over to the information gods. There's an required energy. to try to maintain privacy and I just feel like it's not worth it. M we can talk about privacy'cause most people basically just want to keep private

46:26 You know, their sex life, their bathroom time. And their how much money they have. Unless you're not. you are super rich or super poor. Because if you're super rich you Broadcast, you know, if you're on the Forbes.

46:36 One hundred, four hundred. You're showing the house you just bought, the art you just bought, you're signaling your wealth. And if you're broke then you're really poor. There's people that are on Twitter like I'm dead ass broke. I have no money, you know, and they literally it's the people that are in the middle. That's or middle class, but want people to think that they're upper class or people that, you know, and and so

46:55 Uh everything else for privacy I think is like out the window. But reason I was saying this is um I've give myself over to the information gods and when I go to chat GPT because it has memory and it's constantly updating it. There are times where it remembers things that I'm like, how did you know that? And I forgot that it was like from a search three months ago where I mentioned something about my kids. And a place that I like to vacation. And

47:15 Part of me actually appreciates that that repository is compounding. But it does Sort of. scare you because I remember the things that we talked about. And then if you were like, Oh, like I heard you went to that, I'd be like, Well, who'd you hear that from?

47:28 But now if I ask the AI who do you hear that from, it would be like you. You told me that. You told me. Wait till it gets on your device. Yeah. And then Okay, well let's go back up this rabbit hole a little bit here. Back to passive indexation. So the rise of this is really post twenty ten, right? The mass rise of Passive indexing.

47:46 We've never Seen. Uh well, we did during COVID, but there was so much money thrown into the system. What do you think the second and third order effects of this will be? Especially in terms of volatility or something unforeseen. Well, you saw this a little bit with just how quickly the market reacted with a single largest one day loss of five, six, seven hundred billion dollars with NVIDIA.

48:11 Just because of the fear over Deep Seek and the fear was a cascading Yeah. traditional information cascade. Oh my gosh, what does this mean for the expectations we have about demand for compute and and capex and the expenditures that people are gonna have? Do we need to rethink this mental model?

48:27 And And so I think that there'll be things like that that whipsaw and shock people. Did they become reflexive at some point? Like maybe at five hundred million or five hundred billion, it didn't but had that hit seven hundred Or eight hundred or a trillion. Like does it then start the auto selling and the That's a good question. I don't I I I don't know. Obviously systems

48:49 where there's significant leverage in the system are ones that are most prone to that, these sort of Minsky moments where you know things are going fine, going fine, then suddenly they just collapse. Um, and usually that's where you have a lot of leverage in the system and sometimes it's hidden leverage. I don't know other than some of the two X or three X levered ETFs that that's the case. Um in in in traditional market, but where does this go from here?

49:12 I'm not sure on the passive active piece. What will break this? Other than If you were to have widespread news reports of a handful of

49:23 active managers that are suddenly beating the market. you know, decisively and they're pointing to the structure of the market. And And so there's a rebalancing where people start to shift out of these things. On the volatility piece, what's interesting is over the past

49:37 Five, six, seven years. Maybe five especially. A lot of LP's allocators have gone into private credit. In part because they are mechanisms of muting volatility.

49:51 And the vicissitudes of the market. Because You don't have daily mark to market. And so There's been a little bit of this perverse incentive. But

49:59 As Buffett says, you know, what the wise do in the beginning, the fool does in the end, and then these things get overdone and And so I'm actually worried about some of those asset classes. Where private credit in particular, I think was wise to do a few years ago and now is overdone. You have another phenomenon which is

50:16 every major sophisticated large private equity firm. Apollo, KKR, Carlisle, et cetera, are all starting to think about or are actively thinking about both permanent capital in the form of insurance vehicles like Apollo. And Accessing retail.

50:30 In a huge way. that many people see retail. being the next wave of this. And when you say retail, you actually just mean normal day to day consumers. Trevor Burrus Individual investors that might have been on Robinhood and could never here to four access Apollo or Carlisle, but in aggregate You're talking about

50:46 trillions of dollars of investor money. And so I think that they're gonna be tapped, they're gonna be into these vehicles that will present New interesting financial vehicles because you're gonna have to find ways to give people liquidity for these things. And so I've heard about some

51:03 Interesting things actually from a friend Mike Green. who I think is a really smart practitioner and student of markets. He was one of the earliest to this passive active piece. He was one of the earliest to understanding the mechanisms behind the scenes for the SPAC movement.

51:19 He's early now to this idea. Of Uniswap? Which has a certain mechanism

51:26 That provides liquidity by having let's say like eighty or ninety percent in treasuries and ten percent in some underlying And you're able to swap out some illiquid thing for effectively some liquid pool up to some point and there's some repricing. And he's been thinking about

51:44 Uh, something that like Apollo was doing with State Street. and that this portends a movement into these almost artificial like like if I would have talked about ETF twenty years ago, people would be like, What is you know, don't we have mutual funds already? And like, no, but they're gonna go super low fee and you'll be able to trade them on a daily basis. There's something here to watch about the flood of retail money that will go into

52:06 Illiquid Alts. Private equity in particular. And new vehicles that are formed to be able to provide liquidity. Because of that. And I think that that's

52:16 both going to be really interesting and potentially to your point. Creates something that sets up some massive blow up. The other thing that I want to come back to in the rabbit hole here is you mentioned Persistent advantage is

52:31 Behavioral. Yes. Talk about that in the context of humans and how do we create an unfair advantage in a world of AI for humans. Like what are the ways that we can Like your kids, like how are you teaching them to navigate this in a way that gives them In advantage.

52:46 An advantage. Um behavioral advantage. So you know you go back Some years and it was like okay. We can still be computers in chess. Done. We can still beat'em in Go, done. We can beat him in video games, done. Okay, but we still have creativity.

53:00 Done. Now of course human creativity is not dead. But Every day I am doing something creative on AIs that I can't do. I cannot paint, I cannot draw, I cannot conjure, I I like taking photographs and I like the composition of that.

53:13 But I can engineer prompts, which itself is an act of creativity. And get the most inspiring muses and results. And I can take works of art that I like and put them in and ask it to describe it and do it six times. particularly in like mid journey.

53:29 And Recreate. From the prompt some alternative of it. There was even an artwork that I loved, which was this mix mash of superheroes that look like it was put through a blender. And I was gonna buy the artist's work and then I

53:43 couldn't describe it to Lauren, my wife, and so I put it into mid journey and described it. And then Yeah, I just clicked a button and it made four versions of it. I guess sixteen versions'cause each one was four. And

53:54 It was insane. And I was like, Why am I gonna buy this?'Cause I just recreated it. I felt morally bad? 'Cause I wasn't copying but I had a perfect description of the style and And so I thought that that was pretty wild.

54:06 So these are tools that I think kids should be using, they should be learning. It's just like a language. And I think they need to be versed with it, um, in part to understand The domains to avoid

54:19 Because There gonna be Not void of emotional or aesthetic or moral value, but you're not gonna make money. And so

54:29 Yeah. Debate this all the time about dance. Dance is amazing. Um We Started dating and she took me to this.

54:37 dance thing. I was really not into dance at all. at Parsons Theater. It was this guy, uh uh David Parsons uh at the Joyce and he has this performance called Caught. And me being into science and technology, I'm watching a bunch of people dance, I'm not really into it, and all of a sudden Uh it's a weird ambient Sound.

54:57 Very electronic, very Tron like. And there's a guy in a in white pants and That's it and and then a strobe bite goes on. Anyway and the strobe starts flashing. And all you see

55:09 As a Viewer. is this person floating in the air. But behind the scenes what they're really doing is jumping, jumping, jumping, jumping perfectly timed to the choreography of the strobe. So you see them caught.

55:21 But they're doing this crazy kinetic athletic thing, right? And I was just like That's super cool, right? Everybody should see this, right? And it's just like inspiring. Now that said we had this debate afterwards because she's like, You know, these dancers make no money. And I'm like, Well market forces would say that

55:37 There's too many dancers or there's not enough demand. And they collect. Like unemployment insurance for half the year because They have to work other jobs and they don't have this and it's just wild. And so we got into a debate about

55:48 You know, what is the societal value of this? Now I found it valuable and I would go and I would pay money and be a patron. But I wouldn't want my kids to go and pursue that unless it was that they were solving for just the aesthetic Passion that they had.

56:02 But I think that there's very few crevices where AI will not creep in. And either be able to do the thing nearly as good. Including You think about the compression that I that we all enjoy of a Game of Thrones episode. The compression

56:19 Of The compression algorithm of all of that talent, set design, special effects, screenwriting. A lifetime of act and performing, you know, just swoosh down. One of our companies runway ML. You can and there's others that you can conjure

56:34 Today it's ten seconds, but tomorrow it'll be two minutes and full feature films with no key grips, no lighting, no costume design, no set design, no actors. And voice is entirely generated by AI. And so Does that

56:48 Strip this art of its soul. Kind of thing. Uh, I don't think so. I think it just creates a new form of art, just like Pixar. You know, for all the people that were doing Disney Mickey animations by hand and then suddenly we get this three D rendered graphics and incredible storytelling. That will be timeless, but the tools that we will use will will very rapidly replace these things.

57:08 So I think our kids should be embracing and using all of these tools. The only tool that I restrict them from is TikTok. But otherwise, and that's for a variety of bad influence in Chinese Communist Party. Uh

57:21 But otherwise I want them to be a little bit more. learning how to use every tool as they would every appliance in a kitchen and Inside of those tools, where do you think the advantage comes from? Is like a a networking advantage in who you know become more pronounced? I I think it's this. I think it's human to human. I think that if you always can frame things as like what's abundant and what's scarce

57:42 In a world where There's gonna be an abundance of access to information, an abundance of access To Um creative construction of things, art and literature and movies and um and just by the way, as an aside, I also will take boring

57:59 PTA messages from our school. And I will put them into large language models and s to my wife where I'm like, do this in the style of Matt Levine, the Bloomberg Daily Writer. Um or do this in the style of Shane Parish. Or Do this in the style of Al Sweringen from Deadwood. Um, and it's just it's absolutely entertaining and brilliant. It takes something that's so Boring and

58:19 And cliched and hackneyed and like just brings it to life, right? I do the same thing. So it and it's it's a lot of fun, right? It actually makes this stuff interesting. But um but the advantage Is gonna come In What do I do with that when I output it? I don't you know, I enjoy it for a second, but then I share it.

58:34 And so all of these things, all the value, all the market capitalization of all social media is about sharing. And I still think that we're gonna produce, we're gonna share and What becomes scarce is this is like human connection. Because we are still human and we still want that. We want to be Hugged and we want intimacy and we want to laugh with each other.

58:52 I mean I'll sh I'll share just a quick aside from this. Like Two or three months before Danny Conman died last year. Lauren and I went over with a filmmaker and and another Women and

59:04 We had a dinner with Danny and his partner, Barbara Tversky, who was Amos s his wife. And we were talking about Um Aging and getting older and memories and Danny had this great point about

59:16 pleasure of pleasurable things. Um Got less pleasurable. But less than the pain of painful things got less painful.

59:27 Mm. So For him. The loss of a friend. Um, you became a little bit anesthesized to it.

59:33 The first time you lose a friend, it's tragic, but when all your friends are dropping dead It's it's like uh this is just happening, you know, the first person you know gets divorced. And all these things over time the half life of the pain just decreases. you're still losing the pleasurable things. So food didn't taste as good and wine didn't taste as good, and music didn't sound as good, and sleep wasn't as good, and sex wasn't as good, and all these pleasurable things. But he thought that the Pain was

59:58 Less painful then the pleasure was less pleasurable. And so I thought that was an interesting insight. Barbara had a different view. And she's still alive and I'm taking some license to share her view. But she she said, no, it's it's it's still painful. And the main reason she said that pain is painful.

1:00:15 is that these memories I have of Amos or I I shared that moment with this person. And the great human feeling is commiserating about the thing that we experience together.

1:00:27 Or the memory and laughing hysterically at the which I still do with my childhood friends. of this shared moment. And AI will never get that. a a novel person won't get the inside joke. And so To your question about the advantage, the advantage is in that human connection because we are still human and we want that, we pine for it.

1:00:47 And so I thought that was a really profound counter to Danny's view. Which is that When you lose these people, you lose the Partner. to amplify that emotion, a good one or a bad one.

1:00:59 And I think that being able to have like uniquely human experiences, understand each other, support each other. um that that is still gonna be an advantage. A lot of the things you said were were sort of The common thread with them in my mind was we feel part of something larger than just ourselves. Yes.

1:01:15 Like relate this to working remotely or And and how this interacts with Other things, right? Where we might not feel part of something larger than ourselves. And remote work is a great example where you you sort of

1:01:29 The ability is there, whether you do part time or full time to shut off your laptop and the world looks like you. Right. You're not forced to interact with people with different political views, different socioeconomic status. You surround yourself. So you don't feel a part of something bigger than and that changes how you vote. It changes a whole bunch of things in your life, I would imagine. I'm speculating here, but I'm sort of like thinking out loud. No, I I I think A lot of your values, a lot of our values. And again, I'm gonna invoke Danny here in a in a conversation before he passed away. Was

1:02:01 That You may think you think the things you think. because you analyzed and you reasoned whatever, but no, the reason you think the thing you think is because of the five or six most important people around you. And they sort of believe something and you believe them. And so you again an information can contagion and you will tell yourself that you believe it because you really thought deeply about it and you reasoned through this and but no, the reality is you believe things just because there's the social phenomenon. So

1:02:27 Working from home versus working in person. There are so many. I I everybody is here Monday through Friday now. You know, at first it was Monday through Thursday, take Friday. Now I'm like, look, if you need to leave, you go Family first, it's a principle here. Never miss a concert recital a A science fair, but

1:02:44 But But we need to be together. Why? Because there's so many interstitial moments. There's a chance. serendipity moment because I come out of a meeting and I'm able to introduce you to grace or brand that is meeting with somebody and Every day, hey, do you have a minute, you know, knock knock and then somebody making an introduction and you just never know what it unlocks? That never happens on Zoom or on calls. It just doesn't. The structure of that doesn't allow for that serendipity and those sort of human connections.

1:03:07 The ability to really Feeling. When somebody swallows when you ask them a question and they're feeling nervous or like, Hey, like is something going on, you know? And And they're because everybody's fighting some epic battle, you know, they've got relationship issues, they've got parents issues, they got a sick person, like

1:03:23 And and we are just We're still human, so I feel deeply that We should all be connected in person and I do think that that's an advantage in a world of abundant AI.

1:03:33 Um And sort of cold, sterile, even if it has the similar of And and again, a lot of people will use AIs in a beneficial way to share things that they might not even be comfortable sharing with a person and have a consultant or therapist to to help them. But

1:03:49 I'll give another example which is um An another colleague here. move from one city to another and he happens to be religious observant, but is an atheist. Okay. But he moved to this new city and he found a tribe. that he's like I immediately plugged in.

1:04:05 Like we didn't know anybody, we didn't have any friends. But by being part of this religion. we instantly had friends and peers and I was like It not that it's cynical or selfish or you know, but we could put a uh a valence of meaning behind it. But it really at the end of it is like

1:04:21 Will you help me? Is there reciprocity? And that's this like ancient sense. Of whether it's transactional or not, it's overt or not, you're signaling

1:04:31 the depth of the sacrifices that you would make for the group, this idea that something is bigger than yourself. belonging is arguably like the most pleasurable thing. having friendships, you know, you do all these look at all these studies of people that age and what was meanful to them and leading a good life. And being ostracised. we're feeling rejected or left as like the most painful thing.

1:04:50 So I think that that's a timeless human truth and I certainly feel like And I encourage this with my kids, by the way. I don't want them just to have a group of friends in school. Because just like the diversity that you need in a portfolio.

1:05:04 you need to have hedges and all these other things because maybe something is not going right in that friend group. And then you are more at risk of catastrophizing that, oh my God, like nobody likes me and you know, and And so If you're in a soccer team.

1:05:17 and you're you go to a religious group or you're in Hebrew school or you're on a dance team and you have a neighborhood group of friends and my kids are in like six different things outside of school each. And they then can bring these people together, which itself adds this feeling of like, oh, I connected people and I'm this node. And it's sort of cements. the network in a way that is is

1:05:39 profound and meaningful and And comforting. I like that. I wanna come to aging uh a little bit here. I don't wanna do it. Talk to me about this because I feel like based on the research happening now, the amount of money going into this, the progress that we seem to be making, at least on biomarkers that we understand.

1:06:01 We seem to be able to dramatically slow at best our aging process. You think we're gonna make a quantum leap in in terms of average life span for humans. Maybe adding ten or fifteen or twenty good years in the next ten years? I think that's possible, ten or fifteen or twenty. Um not doubling. I mean we did that, you know, in a few

1:06:20 generations, you know, people who die at forty years old or fifty years old and people now regularly live until their seventies or eighties. You know, this is an interesting thing because I'm I we don't fund longevity. Work here. Uh and I'm

1:06:32 Personally not. invested in any of these things. Uh, I will go to my doctor. And uh I will get my blood tests and he will suggest that I take some supplements because I'm low in iron or this or that. And that's entirely reasonable, uh, just to maintain sort of homeostatic function. But I don't go absolutely

1:06:51 crazy and intense, but I appreciate the people, Brian Johnson and others, that are self-hacking and doing this and pursuit, and Ray Kurzweil was doing it back in the day. Nobody's really seen Ray out that much, you know, uh He was taking like I don't know, a hundred supplements a day or something like that and last I saw I think he had a dupe and like I it was like a messy situation. But I'm I'm glad that these people are

1:07:12 doing it both in pursuit of staving off their own mortality. And a public service either interpreted it as I can't believe you go to these extremes and I'm not gonna do that because it's super stressful, or maybe you're going to unearth something and we're all gonna Beyond metformin and all these, you know. But

1:07:28 There are this timeless pursuit of avoiding death. You know, um It's very human. It it is, and and it goes back like the first form

1:07:38 I'm not gonna die. So to search for the fountain of youth and Ponce de Leon today modern pharmaceuticals and drugs and supplements and lifestyle changes. Um The second form was Fine, I'm gonna die, but I'm gonna come back.

1:07:52 And so reincarnation and Maybe that was the spiritual or religious sense and then Today's version of that would be Al Core. or any of these cryo, I'm gonna freeze my brain so that when they figure this out, they'll bring me back. Um the third was

1:08:06 Okay, fine, I'm gonna die, but I am more than my physical self. There's an ethereal a soul. the modern technological version would be the ghost in the machine, endless sci fi movies about people uploading themselves and their likeness, which By the way. are sort of a really interesting phenomenon of how we deal with loss and the ability If there is an AI that is totally trained on my voice.

1:08:27 And my likeness and everything I've ever said, which I have done. that my kids would actually have a dad AI and maybe they can consult it for questions or and is that a good thing or a bad thing? I don't know, but it is going to be a thing. Yeah. Then you have, okay, I'm gonna die, but I'm gonna live on through my progeny, through my children, through my genes, which is the evolutionary impetus. And and I'm gonna live on through My works. And you won't

1:08:51 be there to experience either of those things on like the first three where you're not gonna die or you're gonna come back. And so I think about the people that Whether it's where I grew up in Coney Island, Brooklyn, they put graffiti on the wall and they put themselves up until it gets washed away, or if you're Dave Rubenstein or Steve Schwartzmann, you put your graffiti etched in stone on the near public library, or but it's really no different, just a hundred million dollars instead of free and the potential for being jailed.

1:09:16 And then it it's through your children. And I think there it's very Buffett like the moral. uh sort of mandate would be a Like he described. Don Keo of Coke that

1:09:26 When you d do die you want them to say what they said about him, which was everybody loved him. Um I don't have that. Like not everybody loves me, uh but my kids, you know, is most important. I think the theory was the people that you want to love you, love you. Which is interesting because the people that we celebrate the most, if you think about Steve Jobs And even Elon, like are the people that are closest to him, I don't mean millions of fans that don't actually know him. But I used to have this debate with one of my best friends about Steve Jobs, like

1:09:53 The world loves Steve Jobs. Yeah. Like people in his orbit didn't always love Steve J. Terrible, you know, like you're so mean, or like So I think that's really interesting but Going back, the common thing amongst all the people that have tried to defeat death

1:10:09 from the people that w weren't gonna die through Found of Youth or Modern Biotech, the people that were gonna upload themselves, the people that were gonna come back, the people that leave it you know, to their kids or to their works. The common thing amongst all of them. Is that they're dead? You know, nobody has beaten death. And so the

1:10:24 Mental model that I like on this is Okay, take a piece of paper and put the day you were born on the front and then the day you're gonna die roughly plus eighty years on the back. And the only thing that you may have control over in part is the story that you write between these two pages. And my brother in law passed when he was early forties, stomach cancer.

1:10:42 You know, he lived a a tragic short time. you know, relative to others and but maybe you get to live this epic tome and it's like how do you write it and who do you spend your time with? And nobody's gonna look back and say, uh, you know, I wish I would have taken that extra meeting or done that extra business trip or something, it's like I'm really glad that I was there for my kids or my spouse. And yet you

1:11:02 Work really hard. Yeah, and and I always prioritize my kids. Like I think about all the time, like their judgment. You know, some people are like meet their maker or the you know, because I don't believe I care deeply.

1:11:13 Well they say my dad was there for everything. And in part for me because my father was not present in my life. My parents blew it when I was super young. It's m my little guy who's I have two daughters and a son, but my son who's nine always wants me to have a play date with my dad. You know, and

1:11:28 And uh we're we're civil and we speak a few times a year. But um I'm like it's just not that relationship. I'm not gonna have that, you know? And he's like, Yeah, but I really want you guys to and I'm like No, I get to be the dad that I am to you. Because I didn't really have that and I'm making up for it now and and this is what it is. And then I worry. Right.

1:11:46 If they see such a present father. Do they take that for granted? Oh, dude. And then do they screw it up in the next generation, you know? And and so I have the same thoughts. I actually talked to a therapist about this because I was like, Am I too present in their lives? Like they need some space, you know, I'm home when they get home from after school and My wife and I talk about this like My parents split. My father was married four times.

1:12:07 Um, all I wanted was a stable nuclear family. But if my kids grow up in a stable nuclear family, do they take it for granted and does like one of them become a cheater and infidelitist and all this kind of stuff because they and I have no idea. But but I know for me what is meaningful and what makes me feel good and it's a totally selfish thing that is about solving for what I want, but selflessly I think it ends up being virtuous. So what would your top like three or four priorities be then? If you were to outline them.

1:12:33 My kids and my wife call it family number one. I mean, you know, you think about like the people that lost everything physically and materialistically in the fires recently in LA. Like family is like the you know the d And and I don't care over time as they grow up and where they are and their you know. But that to me is like the most important thing.

1:12:50 Number two is Purpose and meaning. I think this is universal thing, but I feel lucky that I enjoy what I do. It's an intellectual puzzle. There's

1:12:59 Times of like great fierce competition. We're losing to you know, I don't like to lose. We're losing out to another firm that's Got an entrepreneur. I like the intellectuation of being right when other people are wrong. I'm very intellectually competitive that way and discovering something that people haven't discovered. I always talk about Linus Pauling, the double Nobel laureate who won it for both chemistry and and peace.

1:13:21 And uh He has this quote about science, which I just absolutely love and this is like I hope until I'm ninety or a hundred or a hundred and ten or whatever modern sci me live till that I I continue to have this. 'Cause it's an addictive feeling, which is that

1:13:36 I know something. that nobody else knows and they won't know until I tell them. And I love that discovering a legal secret. and knowing that this is gonna be announced that the scientific breakthrough's coming and nobody else knows about it yet.

1:13:51 meaning and purpose. It's intellectually competitive. I w and and I understand the intellectual competitiveness. I wanna be right. I wanna make Money.

1:13:59 Uh I want the credit for it, but it really is about like the status.'Cause otherwise you would just do these things in private and totally in quiet. But I I like that feeling of that. Uh, even if it's vainglorious and egoed and all, you know, vanity and So family, that sense of purpose driven by this intellectual competitiveness. Um And then I think I didn't appreciate this as much, but it's sort of adjacent to the first.

1:14:21 There's a handful of people who I imagine myself like retiring with or like guy friends and people that I enjoy spending time with. that have the same sort of values and They're they're very family driven and and so

1:14:33 Uh my cousin in particular. This amazing guy, Jason Redlis, one of my wife's best friends, this woman, Molly Carmel. They're both uh we call it Framily. They're like friends and family. But yeah, it's a powerful thing that I don't wanna ever lose. That's awesome. Um, you process a ton of information. What's that workflow like for information to get to you?

1:14:54 How are you using technology to filter how are you filtering information? So I I typically go to bed between twelve and twelve thirty, wake up around seven. Um kids before they leave for school, about forty minutes. I do a lot of physical activity, usually three days a week between

1:15:11 Working out, trainer, jujitsu, all kinds of interesting stuff. But Uh probably about an hour to an hour and a half in the mornings of reading through something like forty different papers now. It used to be like seven. But then when I start to travel internationally, if I went to

1:15:27 the Mid East, I would find an English version of some of the key papers, same thing in Japan and elsewhere. And so now I read a lot of international papers. And when I say read, I'm I'm I use an app called Press Reader. It has the digital replica of the specific version, which I really value, and I know we've talked about this in the past, but I like to know what the editor put on C twenty two. Yeah. as visible on the website because there's meta information that the editor is saying This is not important to be on the front page, but if I disagree and I think that there's a magnitude of informational importance

1:15:56 That to me is like Some sort of edge. Then I will take screenshots of those. And so I will sort of call it Scout and Scour through all these papers.

1:16:05 Take screenshots in some cases. I may even take those screenshots and put'em into N AI. And basically say, give me the summary of this article or give me the three key quotes that really matter. Um

1:16:17 And so I'll go down all kinds of like rabbit holes with that. So that's the first, which is just like call it twenty four hours worth of information that is basically put into editorial decree. You can usually get the FT In New York time, like four, five, six PM eastern time. And so you have a little bit of information edge because Most people don't get the FT for another twelve or fourteen hours, but they know they don't know that they could get it online. But that to me is is valuable. And I care about all those things, including not the sophisticated newspapers.

1:16:43 Um but like the less sophisticated ones like USA Today and I wanna know what is the average person going to read when they wake up in a marriage and get the paper delivered under their door and that kind of stuff. Then Twitter. Uh, you know, I have all kinds of lists that I follow and at a given time it might be something that is geopolitical and war related where I'm going down a deep hole, or sometimes it's AI and technology, sometimes it's my team and what they're posting and reading about. But a lot on Twitter, which I find truly invaluable. I mean I I know a lot of people say it's like this dark cesspool of whatever, but you can just filter through and cut out the people. I'm muting and blocking people all the time and and um and I'm discovering all kinds of just absolutely incredible people. It has been

1:17:18 As you know from one of our first conversations, like this idea of randomness and optionality, it is this huge randomness generator, this huge optionality generator. And the accessibility and I just I absolutely love it. So um that's another thing where I'm really rooting for Elon in the continued success of of X because I'll continue to pay a lot of money for it and I pay more money for it, but I find it super valuable. And and it's real time pulse. And I'm excited for Grok to continue because I think that Grok and X just continue to sort of I mean that's a repository. We talked about that before, repository of information. One of the first things Elon did was cut off access to Google from the data. And I and I and I I think that's the right move, right? This is

1:17:56 This is our platform the same way as Meta has. So I think that that repository of everybody's tweets and retweets and likes and the comments that they've made, you can already go on and do this in sort of a uh relatively superficial way where you can say roast me. And it will basically off your past, I don't know, like twenty five or thirty tweets sort of roast you based on what you've tweeted about. But they're longitudinal access of people that have

1:18:18 I don't know, ten thousand, hundred thousand tweets. is an amazing Pastiche of like You know what Um

1:18:24 There's an interesting thing here. We were just riffing on internally. Which I'll come back to. Just remind me on sort of wrapping yourself in this information mosaic. And breaking free from it.

1:18:34 But Uh papers in the morning, Twitter, uh internal Slack, emails. uh text, uh you know, just like processing all this information. I Use rewind on my Mac.

1:18:45 which is effectively doing nonstop screen capture. There will be other tools like this. In part because I do not remember the source when I saw an information. you see a show and you were to ask me today, like where did you I don't know, it was on Apple TV, like was it on Paramount, was it on CBS, was it on Netflix? Like I have no idea, right? And in fact, usually when I do the Apple search, And it doesn't show up, it means it's on Netflix'cause It can search Netflix, right?

1:19:09 Yeah, just huge information omnivore, uh everything. And then There's some you know random. writer that I follow that's like Catherine Schultz at the New Yorker, Adam Gopnick, and people whose style of writing and the the selection of their subjects I find really interesting, and then I'll go deep into some of their themes. So you use Rewind, Prestrator, what are the other like technological tools that you're finding supervising? Every AI I might take a essay Read it.

1:19:35 Ask it to summarize the key points. Um ask it to put it in different voices. take two different essays and say where these things agree or disagree. And so yeah, uh like just nonstop. I'm I'm on AI Easily More than Google now, but um I don't know, two, three hours a day. What have you learned about prompting that would help everybody get better results?

1:19:57 Usually very specific, like uh I give it a priming thing like you are the world's i i if it's a neuroscience paper. You are the world's greatest expert in neuroscience. You have read every paper that has there has has been published. You have both a skeptical eye to new claims. but you are also open minded to interesting correlations that might not have been considered. Read this paper and You know, give me the three most Provocative, non obvious points.

1:20:25 And give me the three cliche, you know, and so just And by the way, I will put them into three different models at the same time. So I will open three different browsers, you know, arrange them and put it into chat GPT, put it into Cloud, put it into one of the perplexity models that's not running on those two. And you know, sometimes I'll mix and match them. So yeah, it's it's sort of like a palette of

1:20:43 Yeah, mixing We we have not yet done this. As as a partnership, but we've Talked about it. having an AI partner.

1:20:52 Um There's still a behavioral discomfort about recording conversations. You and I are recording our conversation now. Yeah. Every partnership discussion we have, if we were confident That it was protected and encrypted.

1:21:04 Because we might say things that could be harmful. You don't want them coming out. We could insult somebody, or like or we have a piece of intel that we don't want out. But if we were comfortable That it was perfectly private. Which is hard thing to promise, but if it was, you would have A repository of every conversation we've ever had over the past X number of years, the decisions that we wrestled with.

1:21:25 you would be able to have somebody to advise us, an AI to advise us. Where are we showing biases? in in consistency between a decision we made three months ago and this. What what is different this time? Which voices are not speaking up? You know, and you can already get this in some cases with like certain Zoom calls or other recording things where it'll tell you h who spoke for how long And then you could run like a Bayesian analysis of

1:21:48 Okay, given that we're looking at these two companies, give me the outside view, the base rate of success historically, which in venture honestly doesn't matter, but and then give me a Kelly criterion of how you might size this based on the projected internal confidence. And so there's all kinds of things that we could internally do. To use these tools. Which I think over time we'll probably experiment with. But the biggest thing is basically having like A capture of everything, you know, everything that you see, everything that you hear, everything that my my I I've already given over again to the privacy gods.

1:22:17 Everything that my screen sees. And so I trust that that's siloed on my device. It's not going to the cloud. But it's super helpful when I'm trying to search for something. I'm like, Was that a Gmail? Was that a text? Was that a thing on Twitter? Was that a PDF I read? Where did I see that? And the ability to D VR my life. Is super valuable. If I could do that with my conversations, like who said that the other day? In fact Lauren and I just had somebody over

1:22:38 you know, we host people at our house and we couldn't remember who told us this thing. And we were like, I had to go through my calendar to see who was over on Thursday or Friday. Oh yeah, okay, it was you know But being able to search your life Instantly? I think it's gonna be A generational change in the same way that

1:22:54 people were not comfortable, you know, posting on Facebook and then They were comfortable and then that like now people are like posting themselves in swimsuits and bikinis and It just doesn't matter. That to me is gonna be a big step change.

1:23:06 I wanna come back to the infomosaic, but one thing we never talked about uh YouTube being like such a huge data source. Incredible closed. And slightly open, I guess. Yeah. Yeah. Like well uh I love that moment when um I think was Mira from OpenAI was asked like, you know, so did you train a Yeah. Okay. The the infomosaic and and breaking free from sort of like One thing I do love about Axe is that it shows you views that are contrary to your own, like the algorithm's gotten pretty good at And and there are what is it, ground news that you can sort of do this where it'll actually give you um

1:23:45 a bias on you know certain things and it'll give you both sides of the view. So if you truly are objective and like truly knowledge seeking, then you would want to experience that. Uh and I feel like that will be an option that you just click and enable a feature and you know, it's able to identify some of the biases and whatnot. This idea of the information mosaic was a recent conversation I was having with my colleague Danny Crichton, who runs like our risk gaming stuff, where we're coming up with all kinds of crazy scenarios and imagining these low probability, high magnitude events. And the idea was that

1:24:11 Over time This perfect similacrum of Shane or of Josh. is going to exist. Everything that I've ever said on every podcast, everything I've ever written publicly, forget about my private thoughts, but just everything that I'm out there publicly, my voice, my t okay. And so I almost imagined it like this Matric like mosaic like a Spider Man costume that's like form fitting.

1:24:31 It's me. Or a close approximation of me. But what if you want to break free from that? In a sense if I said Give me something in the style of Shane Parish. They might conjure something in the style of Shane Parish. But

1:24:42 Uh in in the style of Josh Wolf or in the style of David Milch or Christopher Hitchens. You know, I I actually love invoking Dead voices. you know, to to sort of bring them back from the dead, right? And and and have them opine on a topic. What would Christopher Agent say about this article, blah, blah, blah. But

1:24:58 What if I wanted to break free stylistically? If I said Um give me a image of a horse and tribe in the style of Wes Anderson. You know I can

1:25:08 Imagine. the pastel palettes that it would conjure and and you can imagine that too with the you know rectilinear framing and whatever. But what if West Anderson suddenly had like a new stylistic change in his over and and wanted to just shift like he'd be constrained, you know, in the same way that people hate

1:25:25 When you know, I don't know, maybe when Dylan went electric or like, you know, somebody else changes their style or their genre. And so there's this aspect where A I constrains you.

1:25:36 Uh And I'm just sort of playing with this idea of you know, how do you break free in the same way that there might be like the right to be forgotten? that maybe you want to change your style. The great virtue of college for most people.

1:25:49 Yeah. Is this quartet of years. where you can break free from who you were for the past four years. And nobody knows who you were and what you cared about. And and Maybe you were

1:26:00 Into heavy metal, but you you were in like the band, you know, and you couldn't break free, or maybe you were gay and nobody new, or all these things that you can just suddenly like be yourself and explore new things. And There's this element where

1:26:13 The great virtue of college is self exploration against the constraints of high school, but Could AI be this constraining force? Because the more content that you put into it, the more it knows you. The more you May have a

1:26:27 Trouble varying from it. And so there's something interesting there. I like that a lot. Let's talk military and technology and you guys are big investors in Andral. Where's that going in the future?

1:26:40 Well, there's gonna be a lot more brilliant minds I think that feel comfortable. Um, motivated not only by a sense of Purpose. patriotism, but also principle and capital making that they see

1:26:53 the things that they doubted early on, like why is this time different and other defense company of which there weren't very many. But seeing Andrew's ascendancy and valuation and success in program wins I think has inspired a lot of people, like, wait, there's something going on here. We went from fifty primes down to five.

1:27:10 You're seeing the rise of these neo primes. I deeply believe that Androl in the next few years will be a thirty to fifty billion dollar publicly traded business. Doing single digit mid billions in revenue.

1:27:22 Uh with software like margins that are not like these cost plus margins. So that is gonna usher in a big wave in their buying companies that are acquiring smaller businesses, but you'll continue to see that sort of evolution in a world that people realize Is not Kumbaya. Peace and safety. There are bad actors.

1:27:39 That When we take a step back or on our back foot or a little bit permissive. That they arm up. It happened with Iran.

1:27:49 And I think the prior administrations from Obama and Biden were well intentioned and trying to bring them into the Western world, but you know, it was a sort of ruse, uh you know, from an Iran standpoint. Same thing with Gaza and Israel and And Russia and who thought that we were gonna see a land war, you know, in the twenty first century where Russia would invade Ukraine.

1:28:08 And Uh the China and Taiwan and North Korea and the African continent as we talked about in the Sahel Maghreb. um infiltration of a lot of these groups into South America. I mean there's just Lots of conflict waiting.

1:28:22 And the best way to avoid conflict is to have deterrence. And if Ukraine had nuclear weapons. Putin wouldn't have invaded. most of the West and NATO, you know, really said, Don't worry, we got your back and

1:28:35 Even though you're not part of NATO. And they never nuclearized. I think the world. Timelessly. you know, th through all of human history.

1:28:44 is gonna face enormous conflict. Resource wars. Water maybe next. nineteen hundred active conflicts around the world around water rights. Mm. You look at China and Pakistan control of the water. I mean there's just like a lot of

1:29:00 resources You look at disrupting undersea cables, uh, you know, sabotage efforts, you look at uh deep sea mining, you look at space as another frontier. There's just a lot of opportunities for zero sum conflict. And when you can't reconcile those conflicts through diplomacy or negotiations or agreement

1:29:22 It goes to violence. and the people that can bring or affect or export violence. typically have the upper hand and part of what has made this country Great. and made it powerful. Made it the economic juggernaut is is that it is.

1:29:37 Allowing for The low entropy system, even though the country at times seems chaotic. that allows for the high entropy production of entrepreneurial ideas and And free market capitalism and booms and busts.

1:29:52 is that we have the most powerful military on the planet. You could argue that that didn't just benefit the United States, it benefited Canada, Europe, it benefited a lot of Mexico or allies for sure. you can watch many fictional movies that have run these counterfactuals of what would have happened, you know, if Nazi Germany had won or you know, the Russians had landed in like uh for all mankind, you know, before we did in on the moon and Um But we're getting away from an era of like here's a trillion dollar, you know, boat.

1:30:21 Effectively It depends who you talk to. Uh you know, if if shouldn't we like I mean if that boat can be taken out by a three thousand dollar drone, how effective is it? Yes, for sure the asymmetry of a threat of an aircraft carrier. uh against a large fleet of drones. It is very much. If you talk to Sam Paparo, who's the head of Indopaycom, he will say it is all about mass on target.

1:30:43 There's certain things that Yeah, automation. And he wants what he calls, which I guess is a technical term, a hellscape. in that region, uh, the Taiwan Straits and s South China Sea and

1:30:56 So that you make it really um impossible for them to have sort of any military dominance. Um But it is an era where it's about you saw this again with Iran and Israel and Gaza and Syria is Missiles and

1:31:11 counter missiles and rockets and intercontinental ballistic missiles and hypersonics and space weapons. It is just about going back to almost like Planet of the Apes. You know, one ape through another. uh a rock at another or a twig or a a stone. The weapons get more powerful, but the behavior doesn't change. We're back to throwing projectiles at each other, you know, and it's just they're They're automated.

1:31:33 Near At speeds or at levels of a tritable overwhelming defensive forces that That is the battlefield. Do you think values become a disadvantage in some ways then? Like for example, if the United States were oh, we need a human operator to pull the trigger. And another country was no, it could be completely automated. For sure.

1:31:54 And therefore in a dog fight we're likely to more w win Like how look, this is already happening in the information space where We have certain And in in the autonomous space. Uh w I I was in the Pacific region with SOCOM.

1:32:10 And There's a drone operator who's flying the drone. There's another drone operator who's piloting the Uh weapon system. And there's two lawyers. So they're helping the commander who is effectively given like a god shot of

1:32:24 How many of you Combatants and civilians. can be killed and what ratio and sometimes it's like five to one or ten to one. But

1:32:31 There's lawyers that can authorize because we have a certain rule of engagement. That frankly gives these military personnel the ethical comfort. that this is a superior system. But for sure, if there are people that don't have that same moral code, in some cases they can be at least temporarily advantaged.

1:32:50 Well you can think of that through AI too, not just military. If we restrict We put restrictions on any technology and another country doesn't. Uh sometimes that can cause an advantage to another country. You know, fifty cents for every tweet and information they put out. the State Department when they want to tweet something out through groups.

1:33:11 There's literally like a disclaimer that says and it's like one woman in Tampa that's doing this, like This was sponsored by the state, but like So we have these ethical restrictions which Definitely tie our hands behind the our back in some cases.

1:33:25 And our enemies will always try to weapon weaponize this. So I mean you can look at many vectors today that don't seem Like they're threat vectors, but they have been weaponized. Social media information, we know. And the best fix for that is identifying the bad actors and also inoculating with a heightened degrees of skepticism. But the vast majority of the American population will not be inoculated. They will see the things that they want to see. They will follow the accounts that they want to follow. And then occasionally those accounts will start to pepper in other information that they want people to believe and and that's how inf in information cascades can go.

1:33:57 Uh we have open systems. Immigration you're seeing a a lot of the rise. of the populist anti-immigrant movement in part because in some cases it's a result of good intentions of providing sanctuary cities and wanting to help people and provide amnesty and and help immigrants come here because that's what our country was built on. And then You want those people to assimilate and when they're not assimilating. But then you also have bad actors like Putin who has weaponized immigration and put migrants on people's borders to create pressures so that you can get a political movement from inside the country that will be sympathetic to the nationalist sensibilities and

1:34:30 And he's orchestrated that very well. And so uh infiltration into our university systems, which accept foreign capital and You see Qatar that is influenced very massively domestic US universities.

1:34:42 Uh China doesn't allow that. You know, US is not able to come in and sponsor Chinese universities. TikTok, of course, a huge one, right? I mean we banned it years ago. right when it had become TikTok for musically, in part because at the time I seemed like a conspiratorial nut saying I don't trust this with the Chinese communist party having control over this. And then behind the scenes myself and many others have played a role in in helping to orchestrate what I hope

1:35:06 will not be thwarted by Trump. to see this divested. I I have no problem with people using TikTok. But it should not be in the hands of the algorithmic control of the Chinese communist party. So And it's on a lot of government phones. It's insane. It's really interesting. Why haven't we seen more isolated attacks that are cheap and using technology? And what I mean by that. Is you know, a nefarious actor can Probably for two or three grand, effectively.

1:35:31 Uh plot and assassination. I guess the question would be to what end? And so you still have to realize that many people, even if they're like evil geniuses. Have an objective in mind. And do they just want to sow chaos and create distrust in a system and have people scrambling, or is there an opportune time to strike? Think about the Israel operation with the Beeburger.

1:35:52 Uh plan. This was ten years in the making. Now they could have done it at any point in time five years ago. But they waited until a precise moment. And so Being able to do the thing and deciding when you do the thing are two different Uh decisions. But I I think that we've been warned for a very long time about

1:36:10 hacking and infiltration into our physical infrastructure For sure. could shut down air traffic control and what we saw just recently between the Blackhawk helicopter and this uh regional plane from was it Kansas City? You know, crash in uh Washington D C You could see the F T the uh FAA shut down, you know, and have a glitch. You can have infiltration into our banking system and, you know, just like the Sony hack, right? The big thing with the Sony hack was not that

1:36:36 the systems were disabled. It's that information was revealed. You want to create civil war in this country just Just reveal everybody's emails for the past year. The things that we've said about each other, you know, I mean that like reveal truth in a sense, right? It's the great irony. So the obfuscation of these things in private. help to create a civil society.

1:36:53 uh our water systems, our infrastructure, our traffic lights, you know, I mean all the things that you've seen in sci-fi movies. when like things just start breaking. I'm actually amazed. That our infrastructure.

1:37:06 globally, but you know, even in New York City. Even in this office, there's A million SKUs in this office. You know, above our heads right now, there's an HVAC system, like the fact that we trust this system and it's not gonna fall and Explode or blow up like And then we're shocked when these things do. But I'm constantly amazed that the entropy, the forces of entropy are can

1:37:26 constrained by either really good engineering Or inspection of systems or whatever it might be the maintenance of systems. Which is another really interesting theme. This idea of maintenance.

1:37:38 Like The past ten years have been all about growth, growth, growth, growth. You go to financial Statement.

1:37:44 on CapEx, you've got growth and you've got maintenance. And I think in a world where rising cost of capital keeps going up for a variety of reasons. I think there's a ton of dry powder and venture capital and private equity, but a lot of it I call wet powder. because this money is basically reserved for companies and people don't realize. Reshoring.

1:38:01 All of these things, you know, uh tariffs, they're gonna be inflationary, there would be a rising cost of capital. If you have a rise in cost of capital, If you are a CFO or you're on a board and you're thinking about good governance and capital allocation. We're not buying the next new new hot thing unless we really have to, like AI today. Yeah. We're thinking about how do we maintain the existing assets we have. And those assets could be satellites up in space, they could be military installations, they could be um our telecom infrastructure, our bridges, our waterways, sanitation and processing, our HVAC systems, our industrial systems. All those things need to be maintained. So I'm increasingly interested.

1:38:34 In new technologies. This could be software, services, sensors, all kinds of things that can help apply to old systems to maintain them for longer, depreciate them for longer, let them last for longer, I think there's gonna be increasing demand for for maintenance of systems. But I'm I'm amazed that Everything around us is just not constantly breaking. It it truly is like miraculous. It is when you think about it, right? Yeah.

1:38:56 What do you think of Doge? The Currency or the initiative? Initiative. Um I think it's a virtuous thing Because it's shining a spotlight.

1:39:08 on a lot of things that were just done because they were done and you get this bloat. Or in some cases there was like overt obfuscation and so I think On ridiculous spending. Or ridiculous inefficient things.

1:39:22 You know, I will say I grew up sort of a center left Democrat my entire life. The first time you go to the DMV. you become a Republican. Like you know, it's just like you want systems that have competition.

1:39:34 Because competition makes things better because if you have a monopoly on something, you don't have to improve. If there's one regional carrier for an airline, if there's one restaurant, if there's one the place you have to go to for your passport or You don't want that sort of centralized control because the service is going to suck because they don't have to do any better.

1:39:52 So I think if you can put a spotlight on excess and waste and bureaucracy. and at least begin the conversations at a beer mi uh at a bare minimum of wait, we're spending how much money on what? I think that that's a virtuous thing. Whether or not

1:40:07 These things will be effective at really reducing costs, T B D, but it it actually seems quite Positive that's not a good thing. They may hit some of their targets of trying to reach what is it a a billion a day or more?

1:40:19 And if that could end up reducing the deficit by Ten percent or twenty percent, let alone fifty percent, going from two trillion to a trillion. Would be incredible. So Whatever the motivation.

1:40:29 I don't believe it's patriotism. It could be intellectually competitive. It could be power. Whatever the motivation, I think Yeah.

1:40:36 the means to the end, I think the end is a virtuous pursuit. If you were to take over a country effectively and you were in charge of policies and regulations, what would you do to attract capital and become competitive over the next twenty or thirty years. What sort of things would you implement? What would you get a away from and not do Well, I have an adjacent answer of if I were secretary of state or secret def for the day, sure. Which I'll give you first, which is I would really put priority on Africa as a continent and particularly that Sahel Maghreb because I do believe

1:41:07 between violent extremists, Russianaries, China infrastructure. you are one terror event away projected into Europe, that creates the next Afghanistan and suddenly NATO and the US are in there dealing with ISIS. You're already seeing, you know, the first authorized strike by Trump on uh ISIS in uh Somalia. So um today And so you've got Sudan, Chad, Mali, Niger, like it is just a hotbed of people that were coming from Syria and Afghanistan, Islamic extremists. It is a bad situation. And I think that we should be proactive there before we have to be reactive, and it's a lot more costly in lives and money and blood and treasure. The second thing I would do is a hemispheric hegemony declaration. I just went to Nicaragua, Nicaragua.

1:41:47 Uh for a variety of reasons we went instead of Costa Rica, but I felt much safer in Costa Rica. And I was worried that I was not going to be able to leave Nicaragua. And we went with a friend who happens to be a prominent journalist. He was not allowed to entry into the country. So it it really threw our family vacation, uh, his family of five, my family of five for for a a wrench. Um Because the government is trying to uh take over the banking system and they don't want it to, you know, be covered by financial journalists and these kinds of things and And uh you look at who is in there and you literally have presence from Hezbollah, from China's E C P from Iran.

1:42:21 It's a Bad situation. Uh the places that we think in Most of central Caribbean Central America's Caribbean, South America are vacation spots where we get our coffee and we go on a nice vacation.

1:42:34 Massive infiltration from adversaries. And so I think we are Losing the game. And I would declare almost like a new Monroe Doctrine kind of thing. Where we say the entire Western hemisphere.

1:42:45 You've got a billion people. Both ability to project in the Pacific and the Atlantic. You've got mostly English and Spanish speaking people, say for Brazil with Portuguese. You've got a ton of resources, a ton of brilliant educated doctors and and whatnot. And I would just shore up this hemisphere, particularly against crink, you know, China, Russia, Iran, North Korea and their influence.

1:43:06 If we were worried about like Cuba and the Cuba Missile Crisis. And things approximate ninety miles or or what from Florida? I think that China is doing very smart strategic things. So us going back in and saying we're gonna, you know, reclaim the Panama Canal and our influence on it, like we you know, forgetting about provocations of Mexico of like, you know, the Gulf of America versus Gulf of Mexico, but I think that having influence in that region is really important.

1:43:31 So those would be the two things as Sect Def or Sect State that I would do is declare hedge uh hemispheric hegemony and make sure that we shore up our allies in the region and get out our adversaries and their presence. in part because there's so much commerce and money and infrastructure that's going in. And then focus on the say hello in Africa. For for country competition. Brain drain, you want the best and the brightest. You need to fund basic research and basic science. It should be undirected. That's the serendipity and the randomness and the optionality that leads to great breakthroughs. You want capital markets to be these low entropy carriers for high entropy. entrepreneurial surprise. So predictable rules and regulations. I would lower I don't know why we don't have a flat tax. I mean I know why we don't, but I would just have a flat tax, make it super simple.

1:44:12 rich people are gonna scout around and figure out how to get around the tax system anyway, and poor people are burdened by it. Um, I get progressive versus regressive, but I would just simplify our tax scheme massively. Anybody that is coming here and getting an education in this country, I would staple a visa as long as they stay here, work for American company for at least five years. Uh, let them become, you know, we we want the best and the brightest here. We are a as an example again, and I don't mean to make this like all China, but they are our most dominant adversary, fifty percent

1:44:40 of all AI undergrads. in the world today are being graduated by China. In our own country in the United States. Thirty eight percent. of researchers.

1:44:50 In AI. Or from China. So we're outnumbered even domestically, it's a big deal. And we used to attract something like twenty three percent of all foreign graduates here. That's down to fifteen percent. People are either going to other countries or staying in their own country. And so

1:45:04 We need that. That's what won us World War Two. You know, if if Einstein would have stayed in Germany or what causes that? to happen. Is it the tax rate? Is it opportunities available? Is it housing costs? Like what are the what are the factors that go into people leaving? Well start with the attracting part. You know, as Walter Riston said. People go where they're welcome and stay where they're well treated.

1:45:26 So we should be welcoming. Now there's a debate about immigration and you know we should distinguish between You know, the bad people and like brilliant people and we should want them here. That just comes down to like Basic batting. Right. But you know, some of that is exploited, you know, as a lot of these consultants with um

1:45:42 W Whipro and some of the you know Ind Indian um business process uh BPO is the business process operations. Um or outsourcing. Housing is a difficult one, but people can always figure out New York City's expensive, but you can live in Long Island City and Brooklyn and Queens. Um But I I think um Yeah, uh housing availability. We have s I mean, our cities are so rich and full with culture and people, and particularly if you're a young person, you want to be around the density of that because you're trying to find peers and a mate and you know, all of that. Even if you're from another country, you go to New York, you can find your enclave of Korean or Chinese or Russian or Ukrainian or

1:46:19 um Israeli and uh Caribbean it's it's all here. So Yeah, I think I think just having a culture that embraces this and encourages it. You already have a robust venture capital system of risk taking. Many other countries don't have that, so that's another thing. But if you if you were to design the s system from scratch. You want

1:46:36 Openness with security. So some means of vetting. You want a great education system that can attract people that view it as a status to have graduated from that particular school. And people want to be around people, whether this is in a company or in a country that are like them, that are competitive and highly intellectual, that they respect or admire, want to compete with. So that's number two. Their work

1:46:58 Something that we did in the nineteen eighties. I think it was in nineteen eighty was the By Dole Act, where government funding for research would allow the university and the principal investigator to actually own the intellectual property, that became an asset. that asset could be licensed to a company. Yeah.

1:47:13 absolutely opened the floodgates for venture capital to be able to commercialize that. That happened to coincide. with Orissa and allowing retirement plans to go into uh venture capital. So now you have a pool of risk capital which you need for taking risk on unseasoned people and unseasoned companies. And then you need a robust

1:47:31 capital market system to be able to continue to allocate money. But Again, capital goes where it's welcome, stays where it's well treated, true of human capital, true of financial capital. And so a rules based system, a strong military. Yeah, you know, if you were starting country from scratch, you're not gonna have that. But you need great allies then. Think about Singapore. Yeah, I think I think that's a phenomenal model. Singapore's a great model.

1:47:50 That's awesome. I hope uh some of the government people we have are listening to this. I wanna come to IP for a second and copyright and then uh wrap it up here. So do you think that AI should be able to create IP or copyrighted material? Like if I tell AI to write a book, is should that be copyrightable? And who owns the copyright, the AI or me for the prompt? It's super complicated because You know, the first debate about this, which is the great irony, right? Because

1:48:16 Open AI investors and stakeholders were up in arms that R one stole from OpenAI, but you can make the argument that open AI has trained on the repository of like the public internet and and you know, every art that's ever been produced and whatnot now. If you were an art student. And you went to the Louvre or to the Met or to Moma. And you sat there and studied it. Or took a picture of it.

1:48:34 And then We we learn through copying. We learn through mimicry and imitation and and we remix these things. And You know, there's this great what is his name, uh Kirby

1:48:45 Who did everything as a remix. I just sent it to a friend. But it was like updated last year and it's It's so brilliant in its compilation

1:48:54 Of every facet of culture that you love. From books. To your Tarantino movie, to the Beatles. To art, you know, to scenes of movies like

1:49:05 It was all copied from something. You know, and And You're like, Wait a second. That riff came from this nineteen forty song from this African American blues guitarist that

1:49:15 John Lennon or Paul McCartney stole and you're you know, you're like And so everything was sort of stolen from somebody. It was imitated. Tweaked slightly. And by the way, that's what we are, right? I mean you get two people who exist and then There's this genetic recombination of their source material.

1:49:32 And every one of my kids are different, but they came from the and and so Remixing is like how everything You know, happens and it's like Matt Ridley said, like, you know idea is having sex and And so

1:49:43 Yes, I think that If I do a calculation and I'm using a calculator instead of like doing math by pencil, that calculation is s still an input into my output. If I'm using AI to generate Art.

1:49:59 Uh and it's my prompt instead of the gesture of my brush and, you know, the strokes of my hand and Uh I think it s should still be mine. Even if it was trained like a great art student was By staring and learning and studying

1:50:13 And then emulating. And then these things evolve. You look at Picasso through all the different phases of his style of art, you know, from like realism and and portraiture to cubism and abstract to these things you just evolve until you find the white space that defines you. And that goes back to like if I train all my AI and everything I've ever wrote.

1:50:33 But then like my voice is is new voice is rare and hard to create. So Um, I actually think we should probably worry more about how do you break free from this constraints of these things, then You know, should should they be copyrightable. Well that goes back to our earlier conversation. Do we just end up in this lane that we can't get out of? Or we don't even recognize we're in a lane, I guess. Right in some ways even more devastating. And the brilliance of all this

1:51:00 Again, like I'm a big believer that We make our fictions and our fictions make us. And If you've watched Westworld, I don't know if you've Watch an episode or two, yeah.

1:51:11 You know, you have a guest who comes to the park. And he's sort of squinty eyed looking at the host, who's actual robot. You learn later on, but he doesn't know at the time. And he's like looking at her and she goes, You want to ask, so ask. And she knew what he was going to ask her.

1:51:25 Are you real? Yeah. And she goes, Well, if you have to ask, does it matter? And You know, I'm gonna sort of spoiler alert. On Westworld.

1:51:34 It's all about these hosts interacting with the Uh With the guests. And they're there to serve the guests. But in fact it's the opposite. Because every host is watching and learning every

1:51:45 small nuance, every gesture, every inflection of your voice, every cadence of your speech. And it's learning you so that it can basically create a perfect similarcripum of you. and three print biologically a version of you and And so it's a really profound philosophical question. about how we're interacting with these things.

1:52:05 But All these things have been trained on The sum total of all human creation. And now they're being trained on the some total of human creation plus artificial creation. And some of that is done with human prompts, and some of it is gonna be done automatically. But I just think it's gonna be part of the total

1:52:22 overture over of of Of creation and I think it's a beautiful thing. So Does anything about this scare you? About AI, like the direction we're heading. I think in the near term the thing that scared me

1:52:36 Is What Again, scarcity and abundance, what becomes abundant is people's ability to use AI to produce content. And I don't know if I'm getting an email from somebody. Did an AI ride it?

1:52:49 Or optimize it, or was it really a thoughtful note from John. This young college you know, student who's persistent. Was it really them?

1:52:58 And can I infer something about their persistence and their style of writing, or did they put it into an AI and know from the repository of what influences me and what I've talked about and what I care about that they you know so many people are like, Oh, I heard you on this podcast and I felt compelled to write to you because I too care deeply about family and you know, blah, blah, blah. Right. I mean, those are surface level stuff, but somebody that's more nuanced about it. Am I being manipulated by them or by the AI? And if it's them, there's a cleverness to it that I might admire.

1:53:26 If it's just the AI, I feel suddenly more vulnerable. So What becomes abundant. Is the sort of not just information, misinformation, or whatever, but the production of it, what becomes scarce is veracity and truth. And that to me Um

1:53:41 was less scary But more You need to be inoculated and immunized, vaccinated. And you're almost gonna become a little bit more distrusting.

1:53:51 But like your reactions right now. I might say something and you might say Oh. And maybe you actually thought it was profound, or maybe you're like oh this is not interesting at all. But But there's something authentic, right, about this and we are reading each other and reacting to each other. That to me is gonna become ever more valuable. So

1:54:09 Our humanity The interactions. Or the scarce thing. Even if and as Through other mediums.

1:54:17 It's hard to tell. I love that. I always love talking to you too, so Uh I get so much energy and ideas out of our conversations and I'll be chewing on this for weeks, I know. I we always end with what is success for you? You've answered this before, I'm curious to see how it changes. It really is the eyes of my kids. Um it is for me them saying my dad

1:54:37 did that or my dad made that or my dad was present for me. And I think It's the story I tell myself about my own life and my relationship with my father and wanting to invert that and

1:54:48 And so for me, success is like them saying I'm proud he was my dad, he was a great father and I'm proud that he does all these things and and and When we fund a company or like some of these secrets that I talked about, I share them with my kids. And so I was taking my middle daughter.

1:55:05 to uh my oldest plays tennis, my middle does soccer, my little guy plays basketball like ten days a week. He's better at nine years old than I was at nineteen, and I was reasonably good. And I like sharing these these stories. So I'm like, you know. Next week there's a story that's gonna come out about Yeah.

1:55:22 Nobody knows about it except The company and now you. And and they're like, Oh my God, really? And I'm like, Yeah. And like you can't tell anybody, you know, and and I I just I love that feeling. And I do it in part. Not because I want them to learn about it, but I want them to be proud of me. As selfish and vainglorious as that is. And to be like, Oh, my dad's cool, you know.

1:55:41 So I think you're cool. You're not my dad, but I'll tell you my fifteen year old daughter Definitively does not think I'm cool. She says, You are so cringe. And uh I think everybody's kids say that, right? I think the same way with my kids, like instead of telling them something, I'll sometimes um they might be listening to this, but I'll get my friends to tell them. Yeah. And then all of a sudden it holds weight. But if I tell them the same thing, yeah, whatever. Same thing with our spouses and yeah. Yeah. Thank you very much, you know. Shane, always great to be with you. I admire what you've built and the repository and compendium of

1:56:15 the ideas and the minds that you've assembled, it's it's it's like a great thing for the world. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for listening and learning with me. If you've enjoyed this episode, consider leaving a five star rating or review. It's a small action on your part that helps us reach more curious minds. You can stay connected with Furnum Street on social media and explore more insights at fs.blog, where you'll find past episodes. our mental models and thought provoking articles. While you're there, check out my book Clear Thinking. Through engaging stories and actionable mental models, it helps you bridge the gap between intention and action.

1:56:50 So your best decisions become your default decisions. Until next time.

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